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AP EURO Ch. 19

Terms in this set (50)

July 14, 1789
This was the largest Third Estate revolt as a result of Louis XVI not allowing them to make a new constitution. The Third Estate needed weapons so they invaded Invalides and Bastille. When the Bastille fell, it symbolized the defeat of despotism.
The Bastille
This was a royal armory and state prison. It fell on July 14, 1789 and became a popular symbol of the triumph of liberty over despotism.
July 4, 1776
This was the date that the American Declaration of Independence was written, (Thomas Jefferson) saying that America was free from Britain in all ways. This in turn started a war between Britain and America.
Natural rights
"life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness." Basically God-given rights.
Yorktown
This is the location where General Cornwallis (British commander)surrendered to Washington with a French and American army and a French fleet. It ended the American Revolution.
The Constitution of 1789
This was when Congress proposed twelve amendments to the Constitution, or the Bill of Rights. This incorporated very Enlightened ideas, especially of thinkers such as Locke, Rousseau, etc.
Bill of Rights
These are the ten amendments to the United States Constitution that were ratified by the states in March of 1789. They gave unalienable rights to the people.
The Marquis de Lafayette
He was a French officer who served in the American Rev. against England. He returned to France with ideas of individual liberties (republicanism, popular sovereignty, etc.) He became a member of the Society of Thirty which influenced the early stages of the French Revolution.
First and Second Estates
This was the clergy with rich, aristocratic families and poor parish priests. 130,000 people. This was the nobility which was divided into nobles of the robe (office) and nobles of the sword (family line). They took part in owning or investing, with military, church, and gov'mt positions. Both were exempt from taille but had the option of donating.
The taille
This was the main tax of France. The First and Second Estates were both exempt from it, only the Third Estate was forced to pay it.
Third Estate
This composed of everyone except the clergy and the nobility in the kingdom, although they were led primarily by wealthy members of the middle class. They would not allow the monarch and the aristocracy to decide the future of the nation.
The Bourgeoisie
This was the middle class, a group that included the merchants, industrialists, bankers and professionals such as lawyers, holders of public offices, doctors and writers. They did not receive the same privileges that the nobles did; some went to the 3rd Estate.
French Parlements
These were French noble councils that regulated the legislation of the king. They decided if taxes would be passed. They could block edicts, making the French financial problem and reform even worse.
Vote by order or by head?
When the Estates-General was called because the state needed financial help, they offered raising taxes. When voting for what to reform it was whether First Estate won by power or by Third Estate. (numbers)
Abbe Sieyes
He wrote an essay called "What is the Third Estate?" which argued that lower classes were more important than the nobles, and that government should be responsible for the people. The royal council responded by doubling the size of the Third Estate's representative body in the Estates-General.
The National Assembly
These were members of the Third Estate that broke away from the Estates-General with some of the other Estates members, and formed this new legislative body.
The Tennis Court Oath
This was the oath that representatives of the Third Estate took when they swore that they would never disband until they had proper representation.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
This was the charter of basic liberties that reflected the ideas of the French Enlightenment, and was similar to the American Declaration of Independence and American State Constitution.
Olympe de Gouges
She advocated democracy, and demanded the same rights for French women that men demanded for themselves. She wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen (1791) where she challenged male authority and sexual inequality. She was killed by guillotine for her ideas.
"we are bringing back the baker"
This was a group of armed women in a large mass that marched to Versailles and demanded bread which made Louis XVI come back to Paris. They brought home flour while singing his phrase.
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
This secularized the church and made bishops and priests elected and paid for by the state. They wanted to require an oath, but the pope forbade it.
The Jacobins
These were members of a nation-wide network of political clubs that offered radical solutions to France's problems during the French Revolution. They first emerged as radical deputies who were upset with the Civil Constitution of the Clergy and had clubs in the provinces. They had a huge correspondence network.
Escape to Varnnes
Louis XVI tried to run away from the French Revolution; was still trusted by the bourgeoisie. He tried to leave France but was found and captured at Varennes. The National Assembly ignored his flee and pretended that he was kidnapped.
Declaration of Pillnitz
This was issued by Leopold II and Frederick William II and promised that Austria and Prussia would intervene in France to protect the royal family and preserve the monarchy if the other major European powers agreed.
Paris Commune
This was the radical, small government in France that asked the Legislative Assembly to call for the election by universal male suffrage of a new assembly to write a democratic constitution.
Sans-Culottes
Meaning "without breeches", these were Parisian working-class who were hostile to the aristocracy and fiercely republican, but they feared representative government. They created a second revolution with the Jacobins.
Georges Danton
He was one of the leaders of the Mountain. He was the sans-culottes minister of justice and helped kill everyone who helped the king. He helped solve the overcrowded prison problem.
National Convention
This was the radical French legislative body (artisans, lawyers, professionals, and property owners) who were called to create a democratic revolution becuase they disliked the monarchy and wanted to build a republic. The Girondins and The Mountain (Jacobin club) eventually split over disagreements, and the Mountain won.
Girondins and the Mountain
These were factions of the National Convention. They feared the radical mobs in Paris and were Jacobins who had seats high up in the assembly hall in the National Convention.
The Vendee
Peasants were upset with the draft and revolted. This is a place where the National Assembly did not rule. It led into a full-scale counterrevolution revolt and places like Lyons and Marseilles joined and fought for the old order.
Committee of Public Safety
This was a governmental body that sought to centralize the administration of France more effectively and to exercise greater control in order to check the excesses of the Reign of Terror.
Maximilien Robespierre
He was the main leader of the Mountain, and the man who ruled France after the First Revolution. Known as the "incorruptable", he set out to build a republic of virtue.
Reign of Terror
This was the period where thousands of citizens were killed due to being suspected of being against the republic. This was supported by Robespierre, who said that the only way the utopia could be kept was to eliminate all enemies.
The Guillotine
This was the main device used to make executions during the Reign of Terror, it seperated head and body.
Law of General Maximum
A law created by the Committee of Public Safety that limited the prices on necessities such as food, drink, fuel, and clothing. It failed because the government could not enforce it.
Temple of Reason
This was the location for the new Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris. It was part of the dechristianization movement in France. There was a ceremony that celebrated reason in and patriotism.
Toussaint L'Ouverture
This was the son of African slaves who led the revolt against French plantation owners and seized control of all of Hispaniola. (now Haiti)
Thermidorean Reaction
This was named after the month Thermidor in the new calendar, it occurred after the death of Robespierre. The terror began to end, Committee of Public Safety lost power, Jacobin clubs were shut down, churches reopened, cults could worship freely, etc. as a new constitution was being written with a more conservative republic with more stability.
Directory
Body of five directors that held executive power in France; lasted from November 1795 to November 1799; unpopular in France because it seemed as though it would end the Revolution
Gracchus Babeuf
During the Directory he pushed to go even further than had been or wanted by those like the Jacobins. He wanted to abolish private property and enterprise. His conspiracy was crushed and he was executed.
Napoleon Bonaparte
He was an army general who rose to become Emperor of France and conquered more the half of Europe. He established a Consulate, Concordat with the church, and Civil Code. He was defeated (1815) at Waterloo.
Italian and Egyptian Campaigns
In Italy, Napoleon turned this group into an effective fighting force and defeated the Austrians (1797). He tried to conquer Britain, Napoleon tried going into Egypt and taking it, which in turn threatened India. But his plain failed and Napoleon left.
First Consul and Emperor
The Emperor (Napoleon) was the First Estate and he was the most powerful. He could guarantee that things would automatically happen. There were two other consuls. Napoleon was made the First Consul for life. He later returned to the monarchy and crowned himself monarch.
The Concordat
This was an agreement that Napoleon arranged with the pope in 1801. Just by signing it, the pope acknowledged the accomplishments of the revolution and the Catholic Church was no longer an enemy of the French government.
The Civil Code
This recognized the equality of all citizens before the law, the right of individuals to choose their professions, religious toleration and the abolition of serfdom and feudalism.
Madame de Stael
She wrote novels and political works that claimed Napoleon was tyrannical. Napoleon banned her books from France and exiled her to the German states where she continued to write.
Austerlitz and Trafalgar
This was the site of a decisive defeat of a combined French-Spanish fleet by the British navy. (1805)
Fraternitie
This was another reason Napoleon fell from power. (Brotherhood) The people of France would stick together against everyone else, and Napoleon became a hated oppressor and other countries also began to hate him.
The Grand Army
This was more than 600,000 troops that invaded Russia while they kept retreating, and burned their own villages behind them. They fought many costly battles, and only 40,000 men made the trek back to Poland alive.
Elba and Saint Helena
Napoleon was allowed to rule on this island once he was defeated but he tried rally the French. He brought his army and attacked Belgium at Waterloo and fought the British and Prussians. He lost badly. He was then exiled to this small forsaken island.
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