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Anthropology Exam 2 Notes

Terms in this set (27)

bipedalism drawbacks
can't switch directions as fast when running
exposes soft underbelly
frequent circulatory problems
quadrapeds can adapt better with a leg missing, humans can't
reasons for bipedalism
cope with heat stress
allowed them to gather food and transport it to a place ofsafety for consumption
moms could carry babies easily
reach food on trees
travel without tiring further
savannah model
food and water were easier to spot in a field, vision was higher
more likely to spot predators
freed hands for protection and they could throw objects at attatckers
the carrying model
hands freed from locomotion to allow them to thorw objects
bipeds can be fathering food with their hands while still scanning for predators, they can mulittask
models for why bipedalism
sexual selection model, carrying model and savanna model
sexual selection model
owen lovejoy
hands freed allowed males to carry more food to attract more males, females to carry and protect infants
extincition of dinosaurs allowed for
niches to become available in the ecosystem, led to mammal radiation
arboreal hypothesis
a hypothesis that propses tha tlife in the trees was responsible for enhandced visual acuity and manual dexterity in primates
visual predation
hypothesis for primate evoliution that proposes that hunting behavior in tree-dwelling primates was repsponsible for their enhanced visual acuity and manual dexterity
Oligocene epoch
23-24 mya, where anthropoid primates diversified adn expanded their range
bipedalism
first human-like trait to evolve among apes
Piltdown Hoax
humanlike skull and an apelike jaw that seemd to fit together , accepted as ancestral to uymans because it fit with expectations that the missing link would have a large brain and an apelike face
foramen magnum
forward position of the large opening in the base of the skull
anatomy of bipedalism
series of curves in the spinal column
basin-shaped structure of the pelvis
shape of the foot bones
angle of the lwoer limbs from the hju[p joint ofto knees
homo habilis
"handy man"
first fossil members fo the genus homo, appearing 2.5 mya, with larger brains and smaller faces than australopithoecines
earliest rep of the genus homo-the human line
homo erectus
upright human
appeared 2 mya until about 300,000 years ago
cranium exhibits a low vault, head is long and narrow, massive brow ridges, large capable jaw muscles
face, teeth and jaws still smaller thna htose of homo habilis
species that started using fire
homo erectus
developed the ability to organize a hunt for large animals
homo erectus
hypoglossal canal
nerve that passes through the hypoglassal canal controls tongue movmeent and complex tongue movements are invovled in spoken language
members of hte genus homo after about 500,0900 years ago have this enlarged
levallosian technique
three or gour long triangular f;laes were dfetached from a speically prepare dcore
hafting
the practice of fastening a small stone to the handles of wood
Neandertals
extrememely muscular
large noses and teeth proejcted forward
bony brow ridges over their eyes
on the back of their skull, there was abunlike bony mass for attachment of powerful neck muscles
culture of neandertals
cared for old and disabled
engaged in ceremonial activities
made objects for symbolic purposes
made a variety of tools for special purposes
first musical instrument possibly from
neandertals
categorized by a clear artistic expression preserved in sculptures, paintings, and engravings
upper paleolithic
ancient people who looked more like contemporary Europeans than Neandertals, during Upper Paleolithic
Cro-Magnons
more like Europeans in braincase shape, high broad forehead, narrow nasal openings nad presence of a chin, but faces were shorter and broader
cro-magnons
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