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Unit 7b: Motivation and Emotion (Does not include Personality)

Terms in this set (34)

Motivation
A need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it toward a goal
Instinct
A behavior that is fixed and has not been learned
Drive-reduction theory(e.g. lack of food makes us hungry (arousal), and we are motivated to reduce this arousal by eating)
Psychological "needs" create an aroused state. Humans have motivation to reduce that state of arousal, which drives our behavior toward this goal.
Homeostasis
The non-aroused state of existence within the drive-reduction theory of motivation
Incentive
Positive or negative stimuli that attract or repel us (e.g. rewards and/or punishments)
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
The pyramid-shaped diagram of human motivational incentives - with the most fundamental needs at the bottom, and the more abstract "Self-Actualization" at the top
1. Physiological Needs (Hunger, Thirst, Sleep, Breathing...)
2. Safety Needs (Health, Employment...)
3. Love/Belonging (Friendship, Family...)
4. Esteem (Self-Esteem, Confidence, Achievement)
5. Self-Actualization (Morality, Creativity, Spontaneity)
What are the five levels of Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?
Self-Actualization
Abraham Maslow's term for realizing and living up to our full potential
Glucose
The sugar in our body that regulates our sense of "hunger"
Insulin
Hormone secreted by the pancreas that regulates the amount of glocuse in the body
Set point
The natural weight level of an organism. If weight drops below this level, the metabolism slows down, if it moves above this level, metabolism speeds up
Basal metabolic rate
The rate of energy expenditure for maintaining basic body functions when the body is at rest
Anorexia Nervosa
Eating disorder in which a person:(a) refuses to maintain at least 85% of a normal body weight(b) has a severe fear of gaining weight
Bulimia Nervosa
Eating disorder in which a person typically:(a) Eats more than a normal meal in one sitting(b) Removes the food through a "purge" (vomiting or the use of exercise)(c) Is not underweight (usually normal or slightly overweight)
Binge-Eating Disorder
Eating disorder in which a person:(a) Eats significantly more than a normal meal in one sitting(b) Does not purge
Estrogen
Hormones that contribute to female sex characteristics - peaks during ovulation
Testosterone
Hormones that contribute to male sex characteristics
Physiological Arousal
Behavior
Conscious Thoughts
What are the three elements that contribute to emotion (and are included in the theories of emotion)
James-Lange Theory
The theory that states that physiological arousal causes our emotion
Cannon-Bard Theory
The theory that all three elements of emotion occur at the same time
(1) Emotion (2) Arousal (3) Conscious Experience
Two-Factor Theory
Theory that states that our physiological reactions and our cognitions work together to create emotion
P: Physiological Arousal ~~ C: Cognition ~~ E: Emotion
James-Lange ~~~~~ P --> E
Cannon-Bard ~~~~~ P & E happen at the same time -
Two-Factor Theory ~~~~~ P + C --> E
What are the three theories of emotion and how do they explain the order of the three elements of emotion?
(E) Emotion
(C) Cognition
(P) Physiological Arousal
What is the relationship between arousal and performance?
There is an optimal level of arousal for any given task, where more or less would result in reduced performance
Explain the difference between easy tasks and difficult tasks with respect to optimal performance
Easy tasks require more arousal for the optimal performance than do difficult tasks (which require a lower amount of arousal for optimal performance)
The Spillover Effect
As a result of the physical arousal of watching a scary movie with another person, you actually emotionally like them more - even though their presence was unrelated to your arousal.
Phobia
Intense, irrational fear of a thing
catharsis
A method of "venting" anger through aggressive behaviors
Feel-good, do-good phenomenon
The tendency for a person to do "good" things when in a good mood
Adaptation-level phenomenon
The tendency for us to judge events or stimuli based on previous experience with similar stimuli
Relative deprivation
The tendency for a person to judge their own situation against the level of others' situations
Health Psychology
The branch of psychology related to a person's physical well-being
General Adaptation Syndrome
The body responds to a stressor in three stages:
Alarm: Your body goes into alarm mode (below normal functioning)
Resistance: A rush of hormones put your body into "resistance" mode to cope with the stressor (above normal functioning)
Exhaustion: Your body's hormonal reserves are depleted, and your body enters exhaustion
Type A
Personality type marked by competitive, impatient, motivated, aggressive, and reactive traits
Type B
Personality type marked by more easygoing traits
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