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Animal Behavior (51)

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How might associative learning explain why different species of distasteful or stinging insects have similar colors?
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How might associative learning explain why different species of distasteful or stinging insects have similar colors?
Natural selection would tend to favor convergence in color pattern because a predator learning to associate a pattern with a sting or bad taste would avoid all other individuals with that same color pattern, regardless of species.
How might you position and manipulate a few objects in a lab to test whether an animal can use a cognitive map to remember the location of a food source?
You might move objects around to establish an abstract rule, such as "past landmark A, the same distance as A is from the starting point," while maintaining a minimum or fixed metric relationships, that is, avoiding having the food directly adjacent to or set distance from a landmark.
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How might a learned behavior contribute to speciation?
Learned behavior, just like innate behavior, can contribute to reproductive isolation and thus to speciation. For example, learned bird songs contribute to species recognition during courtship, thereby helping ensure that only members of the same species mate.
Why does the mode of fertilization correlate with the presence or absence of male parental care?
Certainty of paternity is higher with external fertilization.
Suppose an infection in a side-botched lizard population killed many more males than females. What would be the immediate effect on male competition for reproductive success?
Because females would now be present in much larger numbers than males, all three types of males should have some reproductive success. Nevertheless, since the advantage is that the blue-throats rely on--a limited number of females in their territory--will be absent, the yellow-throats are likely to increase in frequency for a short term.