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Anatomy Chapter 7 (Nervous System)

Terms in this set (92)

nervous system
The master controlling and communicating system of the body
sensory
Basic Function of Nervous System
-gathers information
intergrative
Basic Function of Nervous System
-information is brought together
motor
Basic Function of Nervous System
-responds to signals
central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system
Nerves of the body extending from brain and spinal cord
-communication lines among sensory organs, brain and spinal cord, and glands or muscles
31; 12
_____ pairs of spinal nerves

_____ pairs of cranial nerves

(Each answer separated by semicolon)
spinal nerves
nerves that carry impulses to and from the spinal cord
cranial nerves
nerves that carry impulses to and from the brain
sensory (afferent) division
Nerve fibers that carry information to the central nervous system
motor (efferent) division
Nerve fibers that carry impulses away form the central nervous system
somatic nervous system
Subdivision of PNS; voluntary; consciously controls skeletal muscles
autonomic nervous system
Subdivision of PNS; involuntary; automatically controls smooth and cardiac muscles and glands
neuroglia cells
-support, insulate, protect neurons
-NOT a neuron
-Found in CNS
-4 types
-Can divide
microglia
Phagocytes, dispose of debris, dead brain
-in CNS
oligodendrocytes
Provide insulation around axons
-in CNS
astrocytes
line cavities of the brain and spinal cord
-in CNS
ependymal cells
line cavities of the brain and spinal cord
-in CNS
schwann cells
form myelin sheath around the neurons in the PNS
dendrites
convey incoming message toward cell body
axon
carries messages away from cell body
axon terminal
communicates with other cells
myelin
insulation around axon
nodes of ranvier
gaps in the insulation
multipolar
Neuron structure
-2 or more dendrites and 1 axon, most common in CNS, controls all skeletal muscle
unipolar
Neuron structure
-rare in adults, found only in special sense organs (eye, nose)
bipolar
Neuron structure
-sensory neurons of PNS (light, sound, temp)
-axon can carry messages toward or away from cell body
polarized
fewer positive ions sitting on their inner membrane than the outer membrane
-Potassium = inside
-Sodium = outside
permeability
Stimulus changes the _____________________ of the membrane
-Na+ ions diffuse into the cell
-polarity changes
-Inside becomes more positive
-Outside becomes more negative
depolarization
Stimulus must be strong enough to cause _______________
-Action potential is started
repolarization
Potassium will diffuse back into the membrane
-Causes the inside to be more negative and the outside to be more positive
reflex
rapid, predictable, and involuntary responses to stimuli
somatic reflex
stimulate skeletal muscles
Ex: pull hand away from something hot
autonomic reflex
regulate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
Ex: secretion of saliva, sweating, blood pressure
synapse
junction between 2 communicating neurons
excitatory
Type of neurotransmitter
-increases membrane permeability, increases chance for threshold to be achieved
inhibitory
Type of neurotransmitter
-decreases membrane permeability, decreases chance for threshold to be achieved
acetylcholine
Excitatory; stimulates muscle contraction
norepinephrine and dopamine
________________; sense of feeling good, low levels = depression
serotonin
Inhibitory; sleepiness, mood
endorphins
Inhibitory; reduce pain
Inhibitory
Cocaine is ____________________ (excitatory/inhibitory)
Inhibitory
Morphine is ___________________ (excitatory/inhibitory)
Inhibitory
Alcohol is __________________ (excitatory/inhibitory)
Excitatory
LSD is ____________________ (excitatory/inhibitory)
Excitatory
Ecstasy is ____________________ (excitatory/inhibitory)
Cerebral hemisphere; diencephalon; brain stem; cerebellum
Major Regions of the Brain
-________________________
-________________________
-________________________
-________________________

(Each answer separated by semicolon)
Cerebral hemispheres
-Cerebrum
-wrinkly large part of the brain
-divided into hemispheres
-contains lobes of the brain
fissures
deep grooves on the brain
sulcus
shallow grooves on the brain
gyrus
elevated ridges on the brain
Diencephalon
3 Major Structures

-Thalamus: relay station; pleasant/unpleasant
-Hypothalamus: hormones, heart rate, body temp, hunger
~limbic system: thirst, appetite, pain, pleasure, etc.
~pituitary gland: "master gland"
~mamillary bodies: (olfactory) sense of smell
-Epithalamus: emotions, secretion of melatonin (sleep/wake cycles)
Brain stem
Regulates visceral functions (autonomic system)

3 Major Regions

-Midbrain: eye movement, vision, hearing
-Pons: breathing
-Medulla oblongata: heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, swallowing, vomiting
Cerebellum
Functions
-balance
-coordination
-equilibrium
-skeletal muscle activity
Ataxia
Disorder
-clumsy
-disorganized
-appear to be "drunk"
Meninges
Protective layers around the brain
Dura mater
the outermost layer; 'tough or hard mother"
Arachnoid mater
the middle layer; resembles a spidal web
Pia mater
the layer closest to the brain; "gentle mother"; contains nerves and blood cells
CSF (cerebralspinal fluid)
watery broth found around the brain and spinal cord; forms a watery cushion that protects the fragile nervous tissue
Hydrocephalus
"water on the brain" (too much CSF)
Spinal cord
-Passes down the vertebral column
-Has 31 segments - each with a pair of spinal nerves
-Protected by meninges
ascending impulses
impulses travel to the brain (sensory)
descending impulses
impulses travel to the muscles (motor)
parietal; occipital; temporal; frontal
4 Lobes of the Cerebral Hemispheres

-__________________
-__________________
-__________________
-__________________

(Each answer separated by semicolon)
parietal
Lobe of the Brain
-touch
-pain
-relation of body parts
-speech
occipital
Lobe of the Brain
-vision
-speech
temporal
Lobe of the Brain
-auditory
-complex memories
-speech
-olfactory (smell)
frontal
Lobe of the Brain
-intellectual reasoning
-thinking
-language comprehension
-socially acceptable behavior
-skeletal muscle movement
-broca's area: ability to speak
-complex memories
gray matter
unmyelinated nerve fibers
white matter
myelinated nerve fibers
basal nuclei/basal ganglia
Regulate voluntary motor activities by modifying instructions sent to the skeletal muscles
Huntington's disease
-Genetic disease; occurs in late 30s or 40s
-Degeneration of basal nuclei
-Early symptoms: short-term memory loss, clumsiness
-Late symptoms: unable to swallow; heart failure
Cerebrovascular accidents
-AKA stroke
-3rd leading cause of death in the U.S.
-Blood circulation to brain is stopped due to a clot of ruptured blood vessel
-Brain tissue dies
-Can cause personality changes, loss of movement, ability to speak, etc.
Alzheimer's disease
-Progressive degenerative disease
-Memory loss, short attention span, irritable, moody, confused, violent
-Associated with shortage of acetylcholine
-Structural changes in the brain - gyri shrink
-Brain atrophies
-Possibly genetic
Parkinson's disease
-Degeneration of dopamine releasing neurons
-Constant tremor
-Forward bent walking, stiff facial expression, trouble initiating movement
-Cause unknown
Concussion
brain injury is slight, may feel dizzy and possible lose consciousness
Contusion
marked tissue destruction
Coma
severe brain stem contusion
12
There are _______ pairs of cranial nerves.
olfactory
Cranial Nerve

Transmits the sense of smell
-Outside CNS, called nerves, inside CNS called tract
-sensory
Optic
Cranial Nerve

Carries impulses for vision
-sensory
Occulomotor
Cranial Nerve

Eye movement, constriction of pupil, maintains open eye lid
-motor
Trochlear
Cranial Nerve

Supplies motor fibers for ONE external eye muscle
-motor
Trigeminal
Cranial Nerve

Main sensory nerve of the face, nose, and mouth; Activates chewing muscles
-both sensory and motor
Abducens
Cranial Nerve

Rolls eye laterally (lateral rectus muscle)
-motor
Facial
Cranial Nerve

Allows facial expression
-lacrimal and salivary glands (tears and saliva)
-Tastebuds
-Bell's Palsy: damage of the facial nerve causing paralysis on one side
-both sensory and motor
Vestibulocochlear
Cranial Nerve

Transmits hearing and balance
-also called auditory nerve
-sensory
Glossopharyngeal
Cranial Nerve

Swallowing and saliva production; impulses from tastebuds
-both sensory and motor
Vagus
Cranial Nerve

Digestive and Heart activity (only cranial nerve that travels into the abdomen)
-both sensory and motor
Accessory
Cranial Nerve

Motor fibers activate sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
-motor
Hypoglossal
Cranial Nerve

Tongue movement; tongue impulses
-both sensory and motor
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