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Educational Psychology: Exam #1

Terms in this set (71)

What is Educational Psychology?
Research on human development and its effect on learning and applies it to teaching
What are the 3 main principles of educational psychology?
1. Relate old knowledge to new knowledge
2. Promote active learning
3. Periodically check understanding
4 different types of knowledge that promote effective teaching?
1. content
2. pedagogical content
3. general pedagogical
4. knowledge about students and learning
What is content knowledge?
Knowing the subject matter
What is periodical content knowledge?
Knowing how to teach a particular subject
What is general pedagogical knowledge?
class management, motivation, communication
What are the 4 components of "professionalism" in teaching?
1. understand social justice and code of ethics
2. good decision making
3. reflective practice-- critically evaluate your beliefs and practices for improvement
4. having specialized and current knowledge
What is an experiment?
a scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a known fact that manipulates more than one variable and determines cause and effect
What is a quasi-experiment?
no random assignments, internal validity, and cause and effect
What is a correlational study?
Describes a relationship based upon 2 variables where nothing is manipulated - Can be positive or negative
What is a descriptive study?
Describes general characteristics, one variable, and nothing is manipulated
What is an independent variable?
variable that gets manipulated
What is a dependent variable?
Variable that is effected by the independent variable
What is a longitudinal study?
Study of the same group over a span of time
What is a cross-sectional study?
Study of different groups at the same time
What are the 4 principles of human development?
1. Orderly and predictable
2. Children develop at different rates
3. Slow and gradual and will have plateaus and declines
4. Impacted by both nature and nurture
What are the levels of Brofenbrenner's model?
Microsystem
Mesosystem
Excosystem
Macrosystem
What is the Microsystem?
your immediate relationship and activities
EX: family, friends, classroom, church
What is the Mesosystem?
relationship within the microsystem
EX: your family to your friends
What is the Exosystem?
social settings that affect you directly
EX: community, media, school system
What is the Macrosystem?
larger society
EX: cultural values, politics, economics
What is uninvolved parenting?
lack of warmth and control, seem disinterested, low expectations
What is authoritarian parenting?
low warmth but high control, overly high expectations, value obedience, seem detached
consequences: inner critic, withdrawn, angry/defiant
What is permissive parenting?
high warmth but low control, few rules or consequences
Consequences: immature kids, impulsive and no self-discipline, little respect for authority
What is authoritative parenting?
high warmth and high control, appropriately high expectations, gives respect and listens, provides rules and consequences
Consequences: higher self-confidence, independent and secure, more successful
What is self-esteem?
How you feel about yourself
What are the positive outcomes of self-esteem?
academic success, positive attitude on school, peer acceptance
How does self-esteem build over time? (School Years)
Elementary school: self esteem is highest
Middle school: self esteem is lowest, declines with puberty
High School: self esteem slightly rises after puberty, but females have lower self esteem
What is a Personal Fable? (Middle School Issues)
believe they are unique and not understood by others
What is the feeling of invincibility? (Middle School Issues)
believe that you can take risks and not have any consequences
What is an imaginary audience? (Middle School Issue)
Belief that you are constantly being judged by others
What are the 5 peer status categories?
1. Peer accepted children
2.rejected children
3. average children
4. controversial children
5. neglected children
What are peer accepted children?
liked by most peers
sensitive, friendly, cooperative, not always popular
What are rejected children?
Actively disliked
rejected aggressive: hostile and impulsive (bullies)
rejected submissive: socially awkward
What are average children?
have friends but are not popular or unpopular
What are controversial children?
very liked or very disliked
may be hostile/disruptive, fun and nice to some but mean to others
What are neglected children?
likable but overlooked
shy/quiet
Who is most likely to be bullied?
Children who are different such as gender, late puberty, appereance, status
What are the principles of a stage theory?
1. Qualitative
2. Cumulative & Gradual
3. Order of the stages does not change
What is Erik Erikson's stage theory?
How our social world impacts our sense of self
What is Trust vs. Mistrust? (1st Stage)
Babies - 1 year
Dependent upon care and comfort
What are the positive and negative outcomes of trust vs. mistrust?
Positive = trusting
Negative = withdrawl
What is Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt? (2nd Stage)
1-3 years
Attempts physical skills
What are the positive and negative outcomes of autonomy vs. shame and doubt?
Positive = self-control and confidence
Negative = inadequate and frustrated
What is Initiative vs. Guilt? (3rd Stage)
3-6 years
Assertive in exploration and play
What are the positive and negative outcomes of initiative vs. guilt?
Positive = leader and capable of making decisions
Negative = follower, self-doubt with decisions
What are teaching tips for the 3rd stage?
Allow students to make decisions, options to lead in class, praise for good choices
What is Industry vs. Inferiority? (4th Stage)
6-12 years
Compare themselves to peers to develop a sense of achievement
What are the pos and neg effects of Industry vs. Inferiority?
Positive = fit in and proud of self and interested in achievement
Negative = Inferior, challenged, helpless which leads to giving up
What are teaching for the 4th stage?
Encourage mastery of learning
Revisions and time
Mistakes are okay
What is Identity vs. Role confusion? (5th Stage)
Teenage Years
Sense of who one truly is and who they want to be
What are the positives and negatives of Identity vs. Role Confusion?
Positives= sense of self
Negative = repression
What are teaching tips for stage 5?
Have a variety of role models and diverse examples
What is Level 1 of Kohlberg's Stage Theory? (9 & under)
Pre-conventional Morality
What is Pre-conventional Morality?
right vs. wrong
not thinking about other people
What is stage one of Kohlberg's theory? (Level 1)
Punishment Avoidance
Being good to avoid getting into trouble
What is stage 2 of Kohlberg's Theory? (Level 1)
Personal Reward
What satisfies the child's needs
What is Level 2 of Kohlberg's Stage Theory?
Conventional Morality
Societial expectations
Authority is internalized
What is stage 3 of Kohlberg's Theory? (Level 2)
Good boy/girl
Doing what is expected of them
What is stage 4 of Kohlberg's Theory? (Level 2)
Law & Order
Following rules and laws
Most adults end here
What is Level 3 of Kohlberg's Theory?
Post- Conventional Morality
Based upon personal principles
Morality is internalized
Rights and justice
What is stage 5 of Kohlberg's theory? (Level 3)
Social Contract
good society and doing what is the best for the majority of people
What is stage 6 of Kohlberg's theory? (Level 3)
Universal Ethical Principle
common principles of right and wrong
justice
How can teachers promote moral principles in their students?
Modeling a good example
Using a diverse range of examples that relate moral decisions to learning
How does a group show variability yet overlap despite differences?
Variability occurs within while overlap occurs between
What is SES? (Socioeconomic Status)
Categorization of people according to economic, educational, and occupational characteristics
How does SES influence learning?
Family experiences
basic needs
parental involvement in education
What is gender role identity?
The way a male or female thinks you should think, feel, and act
What are some gender differences?
physical, emotional, personality, behaviors
How does biology influence gender?
hormones and heredity
How does the environment influence gender?
observation and imitation
parental treatment and reinforcement
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