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Unit 3: Cell Energy

Terms in this set (87)

Energy
The ability to do work or a property of objects which can be transferred or converted into different forms
Kinetic Energy
Energy in motion
Potential Energy
An object's potential to do work; stored energy
Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, it can only be converted or transformed into other types of energy
Examples of Conversions of Energy
Ex. in photosynthesis, light energy is transformed into chemical potential energy in the form of glucose
ATP
A molecule that transfers energy from the breakdown (catabolism) of food (cell energy) called adenosine triphosphate with 3 phosphate bonds
What ATP is used for
Cell processes like building molecules and moving materials by active transport
Energy is stored in the _____________ in ATP
In the bond of the third phosphate group because it is unstable/easily broken
Most important energy sources for heterotrophs
1) Carbohydrates (most common)
2) Lipids (most energy yield)
3) Proteins (not usually broken down)
Structure of ATP
Importance of Phosphate groups
The phosphate groups store energy in their bonds, most of it in their third phosphate group
ADP
A type of lower-energy molecule called adenosine diphosphate with 2 phosphate groups; it can be turned back into ATP
Cycle of ADP--->ATP
Provides energy to add phosphate back onto ADP
Energy from breakdown of carbon-based molecules with the help of enzymes
Where all chemical energy in carbon-based molecules (food) is stored
In their bonds
calorie
Amount of energy needed to raise the temp. of 1 gram of water 1 degree celsius
Calorie
Amount of energy need to raise the temp. of 1 kilogram (1,000 grams) of water 1 degree celsius
Autotrophs
Producers of their own food (self feeders)
Heterotrophs
Consumers of autotrophs and other heterotrophs as source of food
Chemosynthesis
Process where some organisms use chemical energy rather than light energy to make carbon-based molecules of energy/sugars. It is found below light penetration (like deep sea) in hydrothermal vents where hydrogen sulfide used
Photosynthesis definition
Process of taking in sunlight to transform into sugars that store chemical potential energy
Equation for Photosynthesis
6CO2+6H2O--->C6H12O6 + 6O2
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Describes all electromagnetic rays
Location of Visible Light
Small section in middle of electromagnetic spectrum
Colors of white (visible) light
ROY G. BIV (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet)
Chloroplasts
Where photosynthesis occurs within leaf cells
Chlorophyll a & b
Absorbs mostly red and blue wavelengths
Reflects green pigment to the eyes, absorbs every color except green
Chlorophyll
Type of pigment found in leaves that absorbs sunlight
Accessory Pigments
Additional pigments found in plants that appear when chlorophyll dissipates during certain months
Grana
Stack of thylakoids (membrane-enclosed compartments) where light-dependent reactions take place
Thylakoids
Membrane-enclosed compartments in grana where light dependent reaction/photosystems I & II takes place
Stroma
Fluid that contains grana, 2nd stage of photosynthesis occurs here (Calvin Cycle/light-independent reaction)
Light-Dependent Reactions: Reactants and Products
Reactants: Sunlight, H2O, O2
Products: NADPH, ATP, O2
Light-Dependent Reactions STEP 1
Takes place in grand across membrane of thylakoids where chlorophyll absorbs sunlight in photosystem and water molecules are broken down into hydrogen ions, electrons and oxygen gas, which O2 is released as a waste
Light-Dependent Reactions STEP 2
Energy from electrons is used to make ATP and NADPH to go onto later stages of photosynthesis in ETC in photosystem II (TWO B4 ONE). Electrons make NADPH because it adds electrons to NADP+ (like ADP-->ATP)
Light-Dependent Reactions STEP 3
In photosystem I, chlorophyll absorbs more sunlight and charges electrons. Hydrogen ions (H+) are sent to ETC after being built up in thylakoid membrane with energy from electrons
Light-Dependent Reactions STEP 4
Now, H+ is very concentrated inside thylakoid membrane. H+ (Hydrogen ions) flow through ATP Synthase and makes ATP.
Products of Light-Dependent Reactions
ATP, NADH, and O2. Oxygen is given off as a waste product.
ATP Synthase
Specialized protein (group of enzymes) found along ETC in chloroplasts that takes in Hydrogen ions (H+) and then uses the energy to attach a phosphate group to ADP, which creates ATP
Light-Independent Reaction STEP 1
Also known as the CALVIN CYCLE. The energy molecules from ETC (NADPH & ATP) are used to power the Calvin Cycle. It occurs in the STROMA and needs CO2 molecules to function.
Light-Independent Reaction STEP 2
CO2 molecules are added to 5-carbon molecules to form 6-carbon molecules. Then, the 6-carbon molecules split into 3-carbon molecules with more energy.
Light-Independent Reaction STEP 3
Two 3-carbon molecules with high energy bond together to form one 6-carbon SUGAR. The cycle then repeats.
Products of Light-Independent Reactions
Glucose, NADP+, and ADP
NADP+ and ADP will go back to LD reactions
Chemical Formula of Light-Independent Reactions
CO2---->C6H12O6
Functions of Photosynthesis
Plants produce food for themselves and heterotrophs, and animals use oxygen produced by photosynthesis in cellular respiration.
Reasons why Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration are like mirror images
Their chemical reactions are reverse as well as the sequence between the cycles and ETC in each. The O2 released from photosynthesis helps with cellular respiration. CO2 from cellular respiration helps with photosynthesis.
Main component of plant mass
Carbon dioxide to create polysaccharides in plant
Starch and Cellulose are examples of __________________.
Stored polysaccharides in plants used for plant growth and development.
How Photosynthesis helps regulate Earth's atmosphere
Increased CO2 traps heat, and plants are growing faster due to more CO2. This helps to remove some CO2 from the Earth's atmosphere as O2 is a byproduct of photosynthesis.
Leaf Function
Powerhouse of plants, major site of food production (photosynthetic organ)
Epidermis of Leaf
2 tough layers on outer leaf (lower and upper epidermis) which secretes cuticle
Cuticle of Leaf
Waxy substance from epidermis of leaf that protects leaf from insects, bacteria, and other pests on outer surface of leaf
Leaf Guard Cells
Among the epidermal cells. Sausage-shaped cells that forms a pore called the stoma (plural is stomata).
Leaf Stoma(ta)
Formed by pore in guard cells. Gases enter and exit through the stoma.
How gases enter leaf
Stoma uses active transport to put potassium ions in the guard cells to swell the cell and provide a pore for gases to enter and be released. HYPOTONIC (swells)
How gases exit leaf
Potassium ions are removed by diffusion and is returned to isotonic state to close pore. HYPERTONIC (closes)
Palisade Mesophyll in Leaf
Layer in leaf that is below epidermal layer of leaf chloroplasts and absorbs a major portion of the light energy for FOOD PRODUCTION used by the leaf.
Spongy Mesophyll in Leaf
Layer in leaf that has many spaces between cells to facilitate the circulation of air and the EXCHANGE OF GASES and is in the interior of leaf
Veins in Leaf
Supports the leaf, filled with vessels that transport food, water, and minerals to plant like a highway.
Cellular Respiration definition
The process of making ATP by breaking down sugars and other carbon-based molecules and is an aerobic process that takes place in the mitochondria
Mitochondria
Cell's powerhouse
Cellular Respiration Equation
C6H12O6 + 2O6--->6CO2 + 6H2O
Total # ATP in Cellular Respiration
36 ATP molecules total
Glycolysis
Starting process of cellular respiration that means "glucose breaking" where oxygen is not needed yet (anaerobic) in the cytoplasm. 6 carbon glucose broken into two 3-carbon molecules of pyruvate as well as 2 ATP molecules to carry energy for the next process.
Carbon Dioxide's relationship to Glycolysis
Waste Product of Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Starting step of Cellular Respiration in mitochondria where pyruvate is taken in from glycolysis and broken down for high-energy electrons that are used to recharge NADP+ to NADPH which moves to ETC. As well, another electron carrier FADH2 is made for ETC. CO2 given off as a waste product.
Products of 1 broken-down molecule of Pyruvate
3 molecules of CO2 that are given off as waste, 1 molecule of ATP, 4 molecules of NADH, 1 molecule of FADH2.
# of PYRUVATE from GLYCOLYSIS
2 PYRUVATE MOLECULES
Electron Transport Chain (ETC) STEP 1
Takes place within inner membrane of mitochondria. Energy is transferred along the chain. Oxygen enters the process and picks up electrons (like the reverse of ETC in photosynthesis) and hydrogen to make H2O. Enzymes required for process. 32 ATP produced here!
Electron Transport Chain (ETC) STEP 2
Hydrogen ions that were stripped from the electron carrying molecules like NADH, FADH2, and ATP are transported across mitochondria membrane. ADP is changed to ATP when H+ flow through ATP Synthase.
Importance of O2 in ETC
Electrons traveling on the ETC are grabbed by the Oxygen molecules and are bonded to Hydrogen to make Water as a waste product
Fermentation
Process that lets glycolysis continue to make 2 ATP molecules when oxygen is unavailable (ex. when running). It is an anaerobic process. NAD+ recycled to glycolysis.
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Occurs in MUSCLE cells. Glycolysis splits glucose into 2 pyruvate molecules. NADH (from broken down pyruvate) and Pyruvate enter fermentation because a build up of NADH can stop glycolysis. Energy from NADH converts pyruvate into lactic acid and NADH-->NAD+
Alcoholic Fermentation
Cheese, bread, yogurt all products. Glycolysis splits glucose and products to enter fermentation. Pyruvate broken down to alcohol instead of lactic acid with NADH. CO2 is waste product. NADH--->NAD+ and is recycled again.
# of minutes glycogen is used
20
# of seconds cells rely on lactic acid fermentation
90
Glycogen stored in _______________
Mostly liver and sometimes muscles
Quick energy
Glycogen, fermentation
Long-term energy
Cellular Respiration
Three factors that affect photosynthesis
Light, Temperature, Carbon Dioxide
Graph of Carbon Dioxide Affecting Photosynthesis
Graph of Temperature Affecting Photosynthesis
Graph of Light Affecting Photosynthesis
Why the Leaf Disks floated when exposed to light in the lab
The leaf chloroplasts were photosynthesizing and producing Oxygen, a waste product of photosynthesis. This got trapped in the spongy mesophyll layer of the leaf and caused the disks to float due to buoyancy.
Dependent Variable
Responding Variable; found on the y-axis
Independent Variable
Manipulated Variable; found on the x-axis
Cause of wind
Temperatures on Earth because when things heat up, they tend to expand and move
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