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Bio Week 11

Terms in this set (70)

Which term describes the degree to which an element attracts electrons?

Polarity.
Reduction.
Oxidation.
Electronegativity.
Electronegativity
Which terms describe two atoms when they form a bond in which electrons are completely transferred from one atom to the other?

Proton and electron.
Polar and nonpolar.
Ionic and covalent.
Anion and cation
anion and cation
Which of the following statements is true of the bonds in a water molecule?

A) Oxygen acts as the electron acceptor and is oxidized.
B) There is equal sharing of the electrons between the oxygen atom and the two hydrogen atoms, and the net charge is zero.
C) Oxygen holds electrons more tightly than hydrogen does, and the net charge is zero.
D) The electron in each hydrogen atom is completely transferred to the oxygen atom, and each hydrogen atom has a net charge of +1.
C
Which of the following statements is not true of most cellular redox reactions?

A) The reactant that is oxidized loses electrons.
B) Changes in potential energy can be released as heat.
C) The electron acceptor is reduced.
D) A hydrogen atom is transferred to the atom that loses an electron.
D
What kind of bond is formed when lithium and fluorine combine to form lithium fluoride?

A) Polar covalent.
B) Nonpolar covalent.
C) Ionic.
D) Redox.
C
Gaseous hydrogen burns in the presence of oxygen to form water:

2H2 + O2 → 2H2 O + energy

Which molecule is oxidized and what kind of bond is formed?

A) Hydrogen, nonpolar.
B) Hydrogen, polar.
C) Oxygen, nonpolar.
D) Oxygen, polar
B
Input compounds for glycolysis are
glucose, 2 NAD+, 2 ATP
output compounds for glycolysis are
2 NADH, 2 ATP, 2 pyruvate
input compounds for acetyl CoA formation are
pyruvate, coenzyme A, NAD+
output compounds for acetyl coA formation are
CO2, NADH, acetyl coA
input compounds for kreb's cycle are
FAD, acetyl coA, NAD+
output compounds for kreb's cycle are
2 co2, 1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2
input compounds for oxidative phosphorylation are
NADH, O2, FADH2
output compounds for oxidative phosphorylation are
water, NAD+, FAD
location of glycolysis
cytosol
location of acetyl CoA formation
mitochondrial matrix
location of kreb's cycle
mitochondrial matrix
location of oxidative phosphorylation
inner mitochondrial membrane
process of glucose to pyruvate that occurs in the cytosol
glycolysis
process in mitochondrial matrix, after glycolysis, transfers electrons to NADH and FADH2
kreb's cycle
final electron acceptor of cellular respiration
oxygen
how many NADH are produced by glycolysis
2
in glycolysis, ATP molecules are produced by
substrate level phosphorylation
which is not a product of glycolysis
FADH2
pyruvate
NADH
ATP
FADH2
in glycolysis, what starts the process of glucose oxidation
ATP
in glycolysis, there is a net gain of ? ATP
2
When a compound donates (loses) electrons, that compound becomes ?. Such a compound is often referred to as an electron donor.
oxidized
When a compound accepts (gains) electrons, that compound becomes ?. Such a compound is often referred to as an electron acceptor.
reduced
In glycolysis, the carbon-containing compound that functions as the electron donor is
glucose
Once the electron donor in glycolysis gives up its electrons, it is oxidized to a compound called
pyruvate
is the compound that functions as the electron acceptor in glycolysis
NAD+
the reduced form of the electron acceptor in glycolysis is
NADH
Among the products of glycolysis, which compounds contain energy that can be used by other biological reactions?
pyruvate, ATP, and NADH
Which of these enters the citric acid cycle?

acetyl CoA
glucose
pyruvate
G3P
NADH + H+
acetyl coa
In the citric acid cycle, ATP molecules are produced by _____.

cellular respiration
photophosphorylation
photosynthesis
oxidative phosphorylation
substrate-level phosphorylation
substrate level phosphorylation
Which of these is NOT a product of the citric acid cycle?

acetyl CoA
NADH + H+
FADH2
ATP
CO2
acetyl coa
Why is the citric acid cycle a cyclic pathway rather than a linear pathway?
A) More ATP is produced per CO2 released in cyclic processes than in linear processes.
B) It is easier to remove electrons and produce CO2 from compounds with three or more carbon atoms than from a two-carbon compound such as acetyl CoA.
C) Redox reactions that simultaneously produce CO2 and NADH occur only in cyclic processes.
D) Cyclic processes, such as the citric acid cycle, require a different mechanism of ATP synthesis than linear processes, such as glycolysis.
B
Which molecule is metabolized in a cell to produce energy for performing work?

ATP
Phosphate
Glucose
ADP
glucose
True or false? The potential energy in an ATP molecule is derived mainly from its three phosphate groups.
true
Which process is not part of the cellular respiration pathway that produces large amounts of ATP in a cell?

Electron transport chain
Krebs cycle
Glycolysis
Fermentation
Fermentation
Which step of the cellular respiration pathway can take place in the absence of oxygen?

Glycolysis
Fermentation
Electron transport chain
Krebs cycle
glycolysis
Into which molecule are all the carbon atoms in glucose ultimately incorporated during cellular respiration?

Water
Carbon dioxide
NADH
ATP
carbon dioxide
Which of the following statements about the electron transport chain is true?

A) Electrons gain energy as they move down the chain.
B) The electron transport chain is the first step in cellular respiration.
C) NADH and FADH2 donate their electrons to the chain.
D) Water is the last electron acceptor.
C
Which stage of glucose metabolism produces the most ATP?

A) Electron transport and chemiosmosis
B) Glycolysis
C) Fermentation of pyruvate to lactate
D) Krebs cycle
A
True or false? The reactions that generate the largest amounts of ATP during cellular respiration take place in the mitochondria
true
In mitochondrial electron transport, what is the direct role of O2?

A) to function as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain
B) to provide the driving force for the production of a proton gradient
C) to oxidize NADH and FADH2 from glycolysis, acetyl CoA formation, and the citric acid cycle
D) to provide the driving force for the synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi
A
How would anaerobic conditions (when no O2 is present) affect the rate of electron transport and ATP production during oxidative phosphorylation? (Note that you should not consider the effect on ATP synthesis in glycolysis or the citric acid cycle.)

A) Both electron transport and ATP synthesis would stop.
B) Electron transport would stop but ATP synthesis would be unaffected.
C) Electron transport would be unaffected but ATP synthesis would stop.
D) Neither electron transport nor ATP synthesis would be affected.
A
Which statement best explains why more ATP is made per molecule of NADH than per molecule of FADH2?

A) Fewer protons are pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane when FADH2 is the electron donor than when NADH is the electron donor.
B) It takes more energy to make ATP from ADP and Pi using FADH2 than using NADH.
C) FADH2 is made only in the citric acid cycle while NADH is made in glycolysis, acetyl CoA formation, and the citric acid cycle.
D) There is more NADH than FADH2 made for every glucose that enters cellular respiration.
E) The H+ gradient made from electron transport using NADH is located in a different part of the mitochondrion than the H+ gradient made using FADH2.
A
Which of these equations best summarizes photosynthesis?

A) C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 12 H2O

B) 6 CO2 + 6 O2 → C6H12O6 + 6 H2O

C) H2O → 2 H+ + 1/2 O2 + 2e-

D) 6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

E) C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy
D
the calvin cycle occurs in the
stroma
The light reactions of photosynthesis use _____ and produce _____.

A) NADPH ... NADP+
B) carbon dioxide ... oxygen
C) NADPH ... oxygen
D) water ... NADPH
E) carbon dioxide ... sugar
D
In muscle cells, fermentation produces _____.

A) lactate, NADH, and ATP
B) carbon dioxide, ethanol, and NAD+
C) carbon dioxide, ethanol, NADH, and ATP
D) pyruvate
E)lactate and NAD+
E
In fermentation _____ is reduced and _____ is oxidized.

A) NADH ... lactate
B) lactate ... NADH
C) pyruvate ... NADH
D) lactate ... ethanol
E) NAD+ ... pyruvate
C
In cellular respiration, what process generates pyruvate?
A) glycolysis
B) kreb's cycle
C) electron transport
D) chemiosmosis
A
does the process that generates pyruvate directly require oxygen?
A) yes
B) no
B
in human cells, pyruvate can be converted to lactate. how much ATP is directly generated by the conversion of pyruvate to lactate?
A) 2 ATP
B) 4 ATP
C) 0 ATP
D) ATP is directly required for the process so there is a net loss of ATP
C
what molecule essential for glycolysis is generated in human muscle cells and red blood cells during the conversion of pyruvate to lactate?
A) ATP
B) NAD+
C) NADH
D) acetyl coA
B
All trees have green leaves and white roots. the roots grow under the surface of soil and lack an organelle present in the leaf cells. which organelle is it?
A) endoplasmic reticulum
B) mitochondrion
C) chloroplast
D) golgi
E) nucleus
C
Mangroves and bald cypresses are trees that grow in boggy soils. the roots of these trees commonly grow "knees", which are growths that stick out of the ground. scientists believe that these knees are responsible for getting air to the roots in the water-logged soils. why do the roots need access to air?
A) the roots need carbon dioxide to perform photosynthesis
B) the roots need sunlight to perform photosynthesis
C) the roots need oxygen to perform photosynthesis
D) the roots need oxygen to perform cellular respiration
E) the roots need carbon dioxide to perform cellular respiration
D
the reactions of the calvin c cycle are not directly dependent on light, but they usually do not occur at night. why?
A) it is often too cold at night for these reactions to take place
B) carbon dioxide concentrations decrease at night
C) the calvin cycle depends on products of light reactions
D) at night, plants cannot produce the water needed for the calvin cycle
C
sports physiologists at an olympic training center wanted to monitor athletes to determine at what point their muscles were functioning anaerobically. they could do this by checking for a buildup of
A) ATP
B) ADP
C) carbon dioxide
D) lactate
D
chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP

A) cellular respiration
B) photosynthesis
C) both respiration and photosynthesis
D) neither respiration nor photosynthesis
C
reduction of oxygen

A) cellular respiration
B) photosynthesis
C) both respiration and photosynthesis
D) neither respiration nor photosynthesis
A
reduction of NAD+

A) cellular respiration
B) photosynthesis
C) both respiration and photosynthesis
D) neither respiration nor photosynthesis
A
oxidative phosphorylation

A) cellular respiration
B) photosynthesis
C) both respiration and photosynthesis
D) neither respiration nor photosynthesis
A
which one of the following best describes the electron transport chain?
A) Electrons are pumped across a membrane by active transport
B) acetyl coA is fully oxidized to CO2
C) hydrogens are added to CO2 to make an energy rich compound
D) electrons pass from one carrier to another, releasing a little energy at each step
D
one way to describe a human animal is as a(n)
A) aerobic heterotroph
B) facultatively aerobic autotroph
C) anaerobic autotroph
D) anaerobic heterotroph
A
which of the following is not true of oxidative phosphorylation
A) it produces approximately 2.5 ATP for every NADH that is oxidized
B) it involves ATP synthase located in the inner mitochondrial membrane
C) it uses oxygen as the initial electron donor
D) it depends on chemiosmosis
C
cyanide is a poison that blocks the passage of electrons along the electron transport chain. which of the following is a metabolic effect of this poison?
A) electrons are passed directly to oxygen, causing cells to explode
B) alcohol would build up in the cells
C) no proton gradient would be produced, and ATP synthesis would cease
D) mitochondria would shrink due to osmosis
C
the essential metabolic function of fermentation is to
A) oxidize NADH to NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue in the absence of oxygen
B)reduce NADH so that more ATP can be produced by the ETC
C) produce ATP b y the oxidation of pyruvate
D) make beer
A
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