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Chapter 11 - Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, and Peroxisomes

Terms in this set (39)

cristae
Folds of the inner membrane of the mitochondria
matrix
Interior of the mitochondria
porins
Channels in the outer mitochondrial membrane which allow for free diffusion of small molecules
presequences
Target most proteins to the matrix; removed by proteolytic cleavage
Tom complex
Receptors on the surface of the mitochondria that are part of the protein complex
Tim complex
Second protein complex, on the inner membrane, to which proteins are transferred
Matrix Processing Peptidase (MPP)
Cleaves the presequence
Phospholipid transfer proteins
Extract phospholipids from the ER membrane, transport them through the cytosol, and release them at a new membrane, such as that of mitochondria
cardiolipin
Phospholipid which contains four fatty acids; synthesis is catalyzed in the mitochondria
oxidative phosphorylation
Electrons from NAHD and FADH_2 combine with O_2; energy released from these oxidation/reduction reactions drives ATP synthesis
Electron transport chain
Series of carriers located on the inner mitochondrial membrane that harvests electrons
Coenzyme Q (ubiquinone)
Carries electrons from complex I to complex III
cytochrome c
A protein bound to the outer face of the inner membrane which carries electrons from complex II to complex IV
cytochrome oxidase
A.K.A. Complex IV, transfers electrons to O_2
Chemiosmotic coupling
Mechanism coupling electron transport to ATP generation
electrochemical gradient
Combination of pH gradient and electric potential driving electrons back into the matrix across the inner membrane
ATP synthase
A.K.A. Complex V. Allows energy from electrochemical gradient to be converted into ATP
Chloroplasts
Like mitochondria, they generate metabolic energy, contain their own genetic system, and replicate by division; however they are larger and more complex
thylakoid membrane
Network of flattened disks which are frequently arranged in stacks called grana
stroma
Internal compartment of chloroplasts which are inside the envelope but outside the thylakoid membrane
guidance complex
Recognizes the transit peptides and directs them to the translocase of the chloroplast outer membrane
Toc complex
Translocase of the chloroplast outer membrane
Tic complex
On the inner membrane; proteins enter before being transported to the stroma
stromal processing peptidase (SPP)
Cleaves the transit peptide before the protein associates with Hsp70 chaperones
plastids
The group of plant organelles to which chloroplasts belong
Chromoplasts
Contain carotenoids, resulting in red, yellow, and orange colors of plants and friuts
Leucoplasts
Nonpigmented plastids which store a variety of energy sources in nonphotosynthetic tissues
Amyloplasts and elaioplasts
Leucoplasts that store starch and lipids, respectively
proplastids
Small undifferentiated organelles in rapidly dividing cells
etioplasts
Intermediate stage at which proplast development is arrested if kept in the dark
chlorophylls
Most abundant photosynthetic pigment in higher plants
Photocenters
Organizers of photosynthetic pigments in the thylakoid membrane
Photosystems I and II
Two places in which light is absorbed and transferred to reaction center chlorophylls
cytochrome bf complex
Protein complex that is part of the series of carries that transfer high energy electrons down the thylakoid membrane
NADP reductase
Couples with ferredoxin to transfer electrons from ferredoxin to NADP+ to make NADPH
Peroxisomes
Single-membrane enclosed organelles that contain enzymes involved in a variety of metabolic reactions
peroxins
peroxisomal proteins
catalase
Converts hydrogen peroxide to water or uses it to oxidize another organic compound in peroxisomes
plasmalogens
Phospholipids with one hydrocarbon chain joined to glycerol by an ether bond rather than an ester bond. Important membrane component in some tissues
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