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SOCIAL STUDIES STUDY GUIDE

Terms in this set (33)

Introduction
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What do we call the "revolution" that in Europe followed the Renaissance?
We call the "revolution" the Scientific Revolution.
What is deduction?
Deduction is a method of asking questions and finding conclusions from a principle.
Who favored deduction, medieval philosophers or 17th century "natural philosophers"?
One philosopher who favored deduction was St. Thomas Aquinas.
Which of the following is a medieval scholar who carried out scientific studies?
Copernicus was known as a medieval scholar who carried scientific studies
Why did some Catholics and Protestants reject Copernicus's theory of the universe?
Copernicus's theories have been rejected by the Catholics and Protestants because it judged the ways of the beliefs of religion, and the Church believed that it is the Earth that revolved around the universe not the Sun.
What do we call the theory of the universe introduced by Nicolaus Copernicus?
The theory is called the heliocentric.
What do we call a scientific idea that is something like an educated guess?
It's a hypothesis.
Who was the English philosopher who said that said that the purpose of knowledge is to gain power over nature?
The English Philosopher was Albertus Magnus
Name the theory that say truth can be known and problems solved only by the use of human reason and by experiment.
It is known as rationalism.
Why did this scientist's ideas lead some people to reject the need for God to explain the universe?
It made people believe that science is the only way to find the explanations to the world, and that people don't need God.
CHAPTER 1
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What is Divine Providence?
It is Catholic belief that God created the world and continually cares for it.
What is the name for the 18th-century religion that admitted the existence of God but denied his providence?
The 18th century religion was Deism.
What is the term for those who held the belief that no one can have certain knowledge of truth and that there should be no restrictions on freedom of speech and thought?
It is Skeptic Libertines
What form of government did Voltaire favor?
Voltaire favored the absolute monarch.
Who or what was the "infamous one," according to Voltaire?
It was religion, especially Catholicism.
What do we call the 18th-century movement that insisted that reason and science alone should reform and guide all aspects of life?
This movement is called The Enlightenment
What do we call the political philosophy that said governments exist only to protect the rights of individuals to do as they see fit, as long as they do not hurt one another?
That political philosophy is called Liberalism.
What is the best form of government, according to John Locke?
To him the best form of government was how he believed that they help protect the citizens of the town
What were people like in the "state of nature," according to Thomas Hobbes?
That people were machines, and that they had no real soul or life to live for.
John Locke said when people left the state of nature, they did not give up all of their freedoms and rights. What three rights, especially, are inalienable, according to Locke?
The three rights that people have when they leave the state of nature is liberty, their lives, and their property.
CHAPTER 3
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Why did Pope Clement XIV say, "I have cut off my right hand," after he suppressed Jesuits?
He called it this because he regretted the loss of the Jesuits. He also found no peace, and he lost the most powerful Catholic source.
What is the name given to those who favored strong papal control over national churches?
They were known as the Ultramontane.
Why, according to Febronius, did the pope have no real authority over the Catholic faithful?
It was because the Catholic people were the real people of authority
Describe the beliefs of Freemasonry.
They didn't believe in Jesus, thought that the Christian Faith was undermining the people, and they believed the Enlightenment was the center of their beliefs.
What was the Catholic Church's response to Freemasonry?
The Catholic Church wanted to permanently end Freemasonry.
Why did European Catholic monarchs ignore the popes in the 18th century?
It is because most of the monarchs tried to steal the Church from the pope with their domains.
Why did European rulers want the pope to suppress the Society of Jesus?
They had a big influence over the people, and their political views got in the way towards the monarchy.
Give two effects of the suppression of the Jesuits.
That most schools were left without a teacher and that Pope Clement lost the biggest Catholic societies.
What do we call the 18th-century movement that insisted that reason and science alone should reform and guide all aspects of life?
It was known as The Enlightenment.
What was the name of the group who taught that, because of the Fall, human nature became so corrupt that, without grace, our virtuous acts are sins. They said that only believers with perfect contrition should receive absolution in the Sacrament of Reconciliation and take Holy Communion.
It was called the Jansenists
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