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SS201 Final Exam

Terms in this set (76)

Confucius
Confucianism: An ideological and ethical system dating from the sixth century BCE whose primary concern is maintaining a stable and humane social order; had to pass an extremely difficult qulifying examination based on these classic texts to become part of the gentry; did not consider commerce a productive endeavor since merchants themselves merely bought and sold what others had made, rather than creating new wealth; key assumption was that people could be educated to internalize values and thus accpet their place and perform the duties associated with it; strickly hierarchical outlook assigning places to most people from birth; "li" is proper conduct according to status--each position in the social hierarchy was governed by specific rules; four virtues to compliment li were benevolence, righteousness, wisdom, and good faith;
China's most important thinker, outlined his ideas about how to secure social harmony and good government.
Thinking reflected deeply rooted Chinese concepts, and many of the classic Confucian texts and writings attributed to the great master really antedate him by centuries.
Rivals with Daoism--a doctrine with deep ancient roots stressing harmony with nature, emerged as a major religion in China about the same time.
Good government begins with a ruler knowing how to behave--therefore Confusious scholars were the only one's fitting for the job.
Suficiently flexible to tolerate or even absorb elements form other systems, both secular and religious.
Mandate of heaven
Chinese tradition provided an explanation for the dynastic cycle, saying that the failure of the old dynasty was proof that it had lost the support of the gods.
Gave the people what was called the "right to rebel."
The new dynasty's ability to establish itself was proof that it had inherited the prized and vital Mandate.
Scholar-gentry
Passed the first level of examinations.
Shouldered much of the responsibility for local goverment.
Maintained law and order, oversay public works (especially the critical irrigation and flood control infrastructure), collecting taxes, and organizing public ceremonies.
More loyal and capable of carrying out the state's dictates than the paid officials of other states and empires.
Formal genrtry status was not inhereted.
Formal gentry status and the honor and privileges that went with it required passing the first level of exams and qualifying as a scholar, something that each individual had to do by himself, regardless of his family background.
Right to take those examinations open to most Chinese males that provided a small but unending stream of highly talented peasant men to rise from their class of origin and enter the gentry.
Three bonds
Required loyalty of the subject to the ruler, subordination of the son to the father, and faithfulness of the wife to her husband.
The family patriarch had almost absolute authority over the other family members, from his wife, whom he could divorce at will, to his children, over whom he frequently held the power of life and death.
The young in a family were subordinated to the old--so carefully ordered was the family, for example, that there is no single word in Chinese for "brother" rather there are terms only for "elder brother" and "younger brother" and one's relationship to them.
Imperial bureaucracy
Civil service exams to get into, qualified people, highly educated people in Chinese culture.
Prevented corruption because you were moved a lot.
Local areas run by educated officials.
Designed to provide able administrators and prevent corruption.
Emperor had to work through this beureaucracy to get anything done.
Examination system
Civil service tests.
7 days long.
Like going into a monastary.
Extremely demanding.
Chinese history, calligraphy, essay composition (8-legged essay)
3 levels.
Based on merit.
Took so much education that most poor people couldn't do it unless had the support of the family.
Some leveling effect that it opened test to people of talent.
Brought prestige to the family and village.
Hong merchant system
Before the mid-19th century.
Opium wars put an end to Hong Merchants
Intermediaries between international traders and chinese businessmen.
West didn't like because it restricted them--couldn't do business with them.
Clash between the two both economically and ideologically
Qing (manchu) Dynasty (1644-1911)
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British East India Company
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Extraterritoriality
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Opium Wars, 1839-1842 and 1856-1860
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Commissioner Lin Zexu
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Treaty of Nanjing (1842)
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Han
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Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864)
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Hong Xiuquan
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The Restoration (1862-1874)
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Zeng Guofan
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Self-strengthening movement
Era of the warlords.
Traditional confusion term.
Heaven strenghtens yourself and nation.
Li was a mid 19th century warlord who wanted to add western technology to China.
Wanted a balance between Chinese principles and western methods of economic development.
Be open to the west.
People against wanted nothing to do with the West.
More economic than political.
Xici totally against this reform.
Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)
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Hundred Days Reform (1898)
Part of the Self-Strengthening Movement.
Wanted some constitutional reforms.
Backing away from emperialism.
Wanted regional legislatures, maybe a constitutional monarchy.
Adopt Western ideas.
Lead to 'slicing of the melon'
Kang Youwei
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Sun Yatsen
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Boxer Rebellion (1900)
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"Slicing of the Melon" (1895-1900)
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Warlords
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Twenty-one demands (1915)
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1911 Revolution (October 10, 1911)
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Guomindang (GMD)
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May 4th movement
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Chen Duxiu
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Li Dazhao
Created the idea of "Sinification of Marxism" even before the CCP's official founding.
First United Front (1923-1927)
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Northern Expedition
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Comintern
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Meiling Soong
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Chiang Kaishek
Nationalist.
Initially gained prestige and long-saught recognition from the patriotic enthusiasm that resulted from the Japanese invasions.
Increased power within the Guomindang--called himself "Generalissimo"
Lost in all in 1937 when Japan took over Shanghai and Nanjing--Rape of Nanking.
Retreated government to Chongquing in the mountains and waited for outside help--increasingly dependent on landlrds.
Japan is a disease of the skin, communists are a disease of the heart.
Main battle was against Communism.
Retreat gave communists a chance to rise, because he had basically abdicated.
Resulted in food shortages and starvation--high taxation (grain demand higher than what was being produced).
Cannibalism in some areas because the army took all of the peasant's grain for taxes.
Disasterous inflation due to printing money when needed.
Unable to get support from the peasants--the largest untapped potential reservoir of political support.
Was demanding and squandered the aid he recieved from the US.
Combination of the Guomindang failing as leaders and modern armies breaking tradions peasants followed in WWII caused the Nationalist party to fall.
Long March (1934-1935)
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Mao Zedong
Communist--both a Marxist and a Leninist.
Filled the leadership vacuum when Chaing Kaishek failed.
During wartime, three magical weapons were the United Front (gave troops to Nationalists, secretely remained in local governments even with the three-thirds system), party-building (Indoctrination program stressing enlarging membership, reformulating party doctrine, improving training, growing challenges), and armed struggle (guerilla fighting the Japanese, building strength for after the war).
Gained following from peasants, working class, and those who wanted to get rid of Japan.
Sinification of Marxism--didn't want reliance on 8-legged essay.
Nationalist blockade and Japanese pressure forced Communists to be self-sufficient and eveyone complied willingly.
Listening to complaints of the peasants was essential--sent intellectuals and party cadres to villages.
Named chairmen in March 1943.
Marshall Mission
Objective was to help bring unity to China without civil war while assuring that the country remained free of Communist control.
Seemed clear to most that Chiang would win China's control.
Marshal's job was to assist the Nationalists' efforts to reestablish authority but without involving the US military in any fashion.
Pursuaded the two parties to work toward three objectives: an immediate cease-fire, negotiations to establish a coalition government, and the integration of Nationalist and Communist forces into a national army.
Accepted but fell apart when Manchuria opened up due to Soviets leaving.
Ended up being a failure.
Second United Front (1937-1945)
Made up of the Guomindang and the Chinese communist party.
Ended when the Guomindang army turned against the Communists and decimated the 4th army.
Twenty-eight Bolsheviks (1931-1935)
Wang Ming was the most prominent of the twenty-eight--unsuccessfully challenged Mao's primicy
Thought reform
Zhengfeng or rectification.
1942-1944.
Party's leadership response to the difficulties it faced in controlling its cadres.
Innovative and brutally harsh process of indoctrination supplemented by frenzied mass rallies, detention, torture, and incarceration under terrible conditions with the intent to heal the "sick."
Core was "criticism and self-criticism"
Final bulldozer that cleared the way for Mao to become the CCP's unquestioned leader.
Named chairmen in March 1943.
"Mao Zedong Thought" incorporated in to CCP's constitution 2 years later.
New Democracy
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Agricultural Producers' cooperatives (APCS)
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Hundred Flowers Movement (1956)
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"Leaning to One Side" (1949)
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Five-Year Plan (1953-1957)
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Great Leap Forward ( 1958-1959)
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Liu Shaoqi
Mao's top aid.
Highly successful work in Shanghai.
Only party leader Mao spared the ordeal of repenting for alleged past errors.
Tensions between the two surfaced in the mid-1950s--final break culminated with Liu's imprisionment and dealth from maltreatment during Cultural Revolution.
Peoples' Commune
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Sino-Soviet dispute
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Red v. Expert Debate
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"Radish Communist"
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Great Revolution for Proletarian Culture
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Red Guards
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Little Red Rock
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Capitalist Roaders
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Gang of Four
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Lin Biao
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Cult of Mao
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Jiang Qing
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The Second Revolution (1979-)
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Deng Xiaoping
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"One Child Families"
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Special Economic Zones
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"Treaty Ports"
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"Lost Generation"
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Four Modernizations
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Fifth Modernization
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Jiang Zemin
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Tiananmen massacre
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Hu Jintao
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Xi Jinping
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New Citizens Movement
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Hukou
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