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Unit 5: Cell Growth and Reproduction Study Guide

Terms in this set (66)

Binary Fission
Process in which bacteria divide
Chromatin
Condensed form of chromosomes
S phase
Replication of DNA during interphase
Mitosis
Process in which 2 daughter cells are produced; identical to parent cell (4 stages)
G1 Phase
1st phase of interphase
G2 Phase
Stage in interphase where cell prepares to divide
Centriole
Log shaped structures that appear next to the nucleus to help pull chromosomes apart
Chromatid
One of two identical arms that make up a chromosome
Centromere
Constricted area in the middle of a chromosome; holds chromatids together
Spindle
Framework of microtubules that attach to chromosomes and guide them to the poles
Centrosome
Region where centrioles are located that help organize the spindle
Interphase
...
G1, S, G2
3 stages of the cell cycle
Prophase
Chromatin condenses & coils into chromosomes becoming visible; nucleus disappears and centrioles migrate
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
Anaphase
Sister chromatids begin to pull apart
Telophase
Chromosomes are at opposite sides of the cell; Nucleus reforms and cell begins to pinch inwards
Largest stage in mitosis?
Prophase
Cytokenisis
Division of cytoplasm
Animal cells
...
Plant Cells
...
Meiosis
Reduction division that produces haploid gametes
Spermatogenesis
Sperm production
Oogenesis
Production of egg cells
When does crossing-over occur?
During Prophase 1 when homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their genes
What is the purpose of crossing-over?
Increase genetic diversity
Homologous
Chromosomes that each have a corresponding chromosomes from the opposite-sex parent
Diploid
Cell containing both sets of homologous chromosomes
Haploid
Cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes and therefore only a single set of genes
Tetrad
Structure containing 4 chromatids that forms during meiosis
Crossing-over
Process where homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis
Gametes
Sex cells
Asexual reproduction
Process where single parent reproduces by itself
Sexual reproduction
Process where cells from 2 different parents unite to produce first cell of a new organism
What 2 things do Mendel's principles of genetics require?
-Each organism must inherit a single copy of every gene from both its parents
-When an organism produces its own gametes, those 2 sets of genes must be separated from each other
Diploid representation symbol
2N
A chimpanzee has 30 chromosomes. This is the diploid number (2N). What's the chimps haploid number?
15
Divided from somatic (body) cells
Mitosis
Divided from reproductive (sex) cells
Meiosis
2 daughter cells
Mitosis
4 Daughter cells
Meiosis
All daughter cells have 46 chromosones
Mitosis
All daughter cells have 23 chromosomes
Meiosis
1 round of division
Mitosis
2 rounds of division
Meiosis
In human cells, 2N=46. How many chromosomes would you expect to find in a sperm cell?
23
In human cells, 2N=46. How many chromosomes would you expect to find in an egg cell?
23
Involved in growth/repair
Mitosis
Identical cells
Mitosis
Unique cells
Meiosis
DNA replication occurs during interphase
Mitosis
DNA replication occurs once before meiosis 1
Meiosis
Components of DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid, deoxyribose sugar, and double stranded
Components of Nucleotide
5-carbon sugar, Phosphate group, and nitrogen base
Purine
Consisted of 2 rings (G,A)
Pyrimidine
Consists of 1 ring (T,C)
Guanine pairs with...
Cytosine
Adenine pairs with...
Thymine
Chargaff's rule
%C = G% and %T = %A
When does the cell grow and synthesize a copy of its DNA?
Interphase
Chromosomes become visible
Prophase
Centrioles seperate
Prophase
What are functions of mitosis in humans?
Replace lost of damage cells, multiply body cells, and repair wounds
What happens to the cell's ratio of surface area to volumes as the cell's volume increases increases more rapidly than the surface area?
The ratio decreases
What phase of mitosis occurs at the same time as cytokinesis?
Telophase
Cells spend most of their time in the ________ phase of interphase.
S phase
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