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Anthro 101 Chapt 9

Terms in this set (45)

Language Symbol
Verbal and no verbal motions and sounds to represent a way to communicate
Language
is the system of arbitrary symbols people use to encode their experience of the world and of others
Linguistics
the scientific study of language
Grammar
in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others
Linguistic Competence
is when one masters adult grammar
Pragmatics
the rules for the use of language in social context and in conversation or the study of these rules
Communicative Competence
refers to the mastery of adult rules for socially and culturally appropriate speech.
Linguistic Relativity Principal
Language shapes the way we view the world
Discourse
extended verbal expression in speech or writing
Ethnopragmatics
The study of language use that relies on ethnography to illuminate the ways in which speech is both constituted by and constitutive of social interaction.
Pidgin
A language with no native speakers that develops in a single generation between members of communities that possess distinct native languages (257).
A language in which the syntax and vocabulary of two other languages are simplified and combined.
Language Ideology
s a concept used primarily within the fields of anthropology, sociolinguistics, and cultural studies to characterize any set of beliefs or feelings about languages as used in their social worlds
Perception
is the organization, identification and interpretation of sensory information in order to represent and understand the environment
Schemas
is a thought that may be adopted about specific types of individuals or certain ways of doing things
Prototypes
is an early sample or model built to test a concept or process or to act as a thing to be replicated or learned from
Cognition
is a group of mental processes that includes attention, memory, producing and understanding language, learning, reasoning, problem solving, and decision making
Socialization/Enculturation
The learning process by which individuals develop the skills they need to interact successfully with other members of the social groups to which they belong and come to terms with the ways of thinking and feeling that are considered appropriate in their respective cultures
World views
Language will change our world views
Self
Our personality and cognition
Personality
the complex of all the attributes--behavioral, temperamental, emotional and mental--that characterize a unique individual
Subjectivity
judgment based on individual personal impressions and feelings and opinions rather than external facts
Phonology
The study of the sounds of language
Morphology
In linguistics, the study of minimal units of meaning in a language(like the chart)
Syntax
the grammatical arrangement of words in sentences
Semantics
the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language
Metaphor
a figure of speech in which an expression is used to refer to something that it does not literally denote in order to suggest a similarity
Gesture
Facial expressions, bodily postures and motions that convey intended and
subconscious messages.
Call
component consists of extralinguistic noises involving various voice qualities and vocalizations
Paralanguage
The extra-linguistic noises that accompany language.
For example: those of crying or laughing.
Signals
A sound or gesture that has a natural or self-evident meaning.
Phonetics
The study of the production, transmission, and reception of speech sounds
Creole
A pidgin language that has become the mother tongue of society.
Dialects
Varying forms of a language that reflect particular regions or social classes and that are similar enough to be mutually intelligible
Accents
Language form in which distinctions can only be made based on the pronunciation of the language.
Sociolingustics
The study of relationships between social and linguistic variation; the study of language within its social context.
Linguistic Anthropology
study language in its social and cultural context.
Origin of Language
Early hominines used gestures to communicate intentions within a social setting like primates
When Homo erectus moved out of the tropics, they needed to plan and communicate to survive seasons of cold temperatures.
By the time archaic Homo sapiens appeared, finely controlled movements of the mouth and throat had given rise to spoken language.
Kinetics
A system of notating and analyzing postures, facial expressions, and body motions that convey messages.
Non verbal communication
Any physical act used as a symbol to communicate
Linguistic Divergence
The development of different languages from a single ancestral language.
Levels of language
Bilingualism
• Capacity to speak two languages
• Full capabilities in more than one language?

Dialects
• Variety of language arising from local circumstances
• Speakers may be considered less intelligent

Language Codes
• Distinctive ways of speaking
• Code-switch and code-mixing
• Gender codes
Sapir Whorf Hypothesis
A language is not simply an encoding process but is rather a shaping force. "its our language that shapes our world"
Cross Cultural Communication
is a field of study that looks at how people from differing cultural backgrounds communicate, in similar and different ways among themselves, and how they endeavor to
communicate across cultures.
Language Family
Languages descended from a single ancestral language
Historical Lingistics
Branch of linguistics that studies the histories of and relationships between languages, living and dead. ("family tree" chart of one language leading to all other)
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