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Study Guide- Finals

Terms in this set (47)

Dendrites
Branches of the neuron that receive chemical signals from other neurons
Cell body
Controls neuron activity
Nucleus
Contains DNA of the cell
Axon
Sends electrical signals away from the neuron
Myelin
A fatty covering on neurons that speeds up the signal
Terminal Fibers
Branches at the end of the axon
Terminal Button
The end of an axon that contains the neurotransmitters
Synaptic Gap
Small space between terminals and dendrites
Neurotransmitter
A chemical that carries the signal to the next neuron
Receptor
A small area on the dendrite that receives the signal from the other neuron
What is an agonist?
A drug that stimulates (turns on) a response in a cell after binding to a receptor.
How does Naltrexone work?
Opioid receptor antagonist, blocks the normal reaction of the part of the brain that produces the feeling of pleasure(dopamine) when opioids are taken. It deceases dopamine release.
How does Acamprosate work?
FDA, GABA neurontransmitter- normalize glutamate neurotransmitter systems, be suppression of the excitatory glutamate neurotransmitter system.
What is Antagonist?
A drug that blocks (turns off) the response caused by the agonist.
What is Partial agonist?
A drug that binds to and activates a receptor to a lesser degree when compared to a full agonist.
What substance disorders do we treat with Naltrexone?
Alcohol and opioid dependence-opioid receptor-antagonist, approved by the FDA.
How is Naltrexone administered?
Oral formulation and an intramuscular, sustained-release formulation.
Why was Naltrexone developed?
Originally developed as a treatment for heroin dependence
What substance disorders do we treat with Acamprosate?
Treatment of alcohol dependence, specifically for maintenance of abstinence from alcohol use
How is Acamprosate administered?
Oral tablets.
What are Acamprosate effects? Does it have an impact on relapses rates?
No more effective than placebo(COMBINE study), increased abstinence=compliance with treatment, and decreased relapses to alcohol
What are Acamprosate effect on craving?
Normalization of glutamate neurotransmission may account for its reported ability to decrease cravings and subsequent alcohol intake.
What are Acamprosate contraindications?
Should not be given to those with severe impairment. Studies have also shown a significant but small increase in suicidal and depressive symptoms versus placebo
How does Disulfiram work?
Positive punishment, oldest FDA, blocks the action of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, preventing the conversion of acetaldehyde into acetic acid.
What substance disorders do we treat with Disulfiram?
Alcohol dependence (FDA approve) and Cocaine dependence (not FDA)
How is Disulfiram administered?
Oral
What happens if you combine Disulfiram with alcohol use?
Buildup of toxic acetaldehyde, which manifests as unpleasant physiological symptoms, including facial flushing, headache, diaphoresis, tachycardia, nausea, vomiting, palpitation, and hyperventilation.
What are treatment adherence rates like with Disulfiram?
Low treatment adherence rates bc people stop taking it when have strong urge to drink.
How does Methadone work?
Synthetic full opioid agonist, FDA, Opiates fit into the same receptors as the endorphins causing high.
What substance disorders do we treat with Methadone?
Opioid addiction, detoxification of opioid withdrawal symptoms, and for the treatment of severe pain.
How is Methadone administered (orally, injected)?
Oral with pill or liquid
Is Methadone a full or partial agonist?
Full agonist
What does the research suggest about mortality rates, medical (HIV risk) and social functioning, and criminal behavior in those taking Methadone?
Lower rate of mortality, improved behavior all around
What is the biggest safety consideration with Methadone?
Overdose
How does Buprenorphine work?
FDA, partial agonist, incompletely stimulates the opioid receptor preventing opioid withdrawal symptoms.
What substance disorders do we treat with Buprenorphine?
Opioid addiction
How is Buprenorphine administered (orally, injected, sublingual).
Tablet and in a film, both designed to disintegrate when placed under the tongue (sublingual).
Why might Buprenorphine be prescribed instead of methadone?
Patients with more stable psychosocial situations (e.g., housing, employment) outpatient basis, less severe opioid addiction
Does Buprenorphine seem to have an impact on craving?
Yes it decreases it.
Is Buprenorphine a full or partial agonist?
Partial agonist
What are the considerations with regard to Buprenorphine and deaths?
Its safe, however deaths were reports when is was grounded up and intravenous injected.
What should Buprenorphine NOT be combined with?
Central nervous system depressants such as benzodiazepines or alcohol.
Why might you select methadone over Buprenorphine?
If severity of opioid dependence is extremely high, and have strong cravings.
At what point would an adolescent be treated with methadone? What does the research suggest about buprenorphine for adolescents?
After they have failed at least two attempts of detoxification or rehabilitation treatment, studies support buprenorphine treatment in adolescents.
What drugs are FDA approved for treating stimulant dependence?
No FDA-approved medications
What does the research suggest with regard to disulfiram and cocaine dependence?
Disulfiram has shown promise in treating cocaine addiction
What drugs are FDA approved for treating cannabis dependence? Which drug seems to have the most promise?
There are none.THC
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