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Gravity
Terms in this set (78)
Cell wall
All cells except animal cells contain a
A phospholipid bilayer and embedded membrane proteins
The plasma membrane contains
The nucleus
This contains the genetic information for eukaryotic cells
Deoxyribonucleic acid
The nucleic acid within genes of eukaryotes and prokaryotes is this
Stomata
Carbon dioxide enters and oxygen exits that leaves of plants through this
Acidic
Substances that have a pH less than 7 are
Basic
Substances that have a pH of greater than 7 are
Buffers
These work by accepting hydrogen ions to make a solution more basic.
Hydrophilic substances
These types of substances are polar, and therefore soluble in water.
Glucose
This provides energy for nearly all eukaryotic cells
Starch
This serves as the storage polysaccharide of plant cells
Glycogen
This serves as the storage polysaccharide for animal cells.
Cellulose
This is the structural component that makes up plant cell walls.
Lipids
These are the most energy-dense molecules of significant nutritional importance.
Lipids
These having at least a single double bond are unsaturated fatty acids.
Denatured
When enzymes unravel and lose shape they are referred to as this.
R groups
The interactions between these of various amino acids contributes to a protein's overall three-dimensional shape.
Collagen
Tendons and ligaments make up an external network of connective tissue that is composed primarily of the glycoprotein called this
Adenine
This is the complementary base pair for thymine in the DNA molecule.
Flagella and cilia
These are made of microtubules that help some eukaryotic cells to excel through watery environments.
Plant cells
These types of cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole.
Animal cells
These types of cells contain do not contain chloroplasts or a large central vacuole.
Smooth ER
This organelle functions in detoxification of drugs within the liver.
Golgi apparatus
This organelle adds phosphate groups to molecules for easier identification.
Lysosomes
These are acidic, membranous sacs containing enzymes for degradation processes.
Actin filaments
These interact with muscle proteins to cause muscular contractions.
Intermediate filaments
These hold organelles in place.
Mitotic spindle microtubules
These guide the separation of chromosomes
Integral proteins
These span the entire phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane.
Dehydrogenase
This enzyme reduces NAD to NADH and FAD to FADH2 in cellular respiration.
Glucose and oxygen
These are the reactants in cellular respiration
Carbon dioxide and water
These are the products of cellular respiration
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
Phosphorylation of ADP (adenosine diphosphate) forms this in cellular respiration.
Transport, mechanical and chemical
Splitting of ATP into ADP and phosphate allows 3 kinds of cellular work, which are...
coenzyme A
The enzyme added to pyruvate to form Acetyl CoA when passing through the mitochondrial membrane is this
ATP synthase complex
The only location within the mitochondrial membrane that is freely permeable to hydrogen is the
Substrate-level phosphorylation
The stripping of phosphate from a substrate to form ATP is called
Glycolysis
This yields 2 ATP, 2 pyruvate and 2 NADH
Oxidative phosphorylation
This yields 28 ATP
32 ATP
The breakdown of one molecule of glucose in aerobic cellular respiration yields this
Lactic acid fermentation
During strenuous exercise, this is the process that causes a buildup of lactate within muscle cells.
NADP
The final electron acceptor in photosynthesis is this
Oxidized (loses electrons)
In the reaction for photosynthesis, water undergoes this to become oxygen.
Reduced (gains electrons)
In the reaction for photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is blank to become glucose.
Artificial selection
This is for modification of species through selective breeding.
Thomas Malthus
This man argued that humans would exhaust all of their essential resources.
Vestiges
Wisdom teeth, the appendix, and the tailbone are blank of humans.
Pseudogenes
Most human olfactory receptor genes are blank as a result of increased ability to perceive differences in smells.
Camouflaging tactic
A stick insect that mimics the branches it lives amongst is a type of blank used to blend into its surroundings
Microevolution
This is a change in the relative frequencies of alleles in a gene pool over a span of generations.
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
A population that is in blank contains all of the following conditions: a very large population, no gene flow between populations, no mutations, random mating, and no natural selection.
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
The sum of allele frequencies for a population that is in this is equal to 1.
Natural selection
This is a process in which individuals with certain inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than are individuals that do not have those traits.
Bottleneck effect
This is a reduction in genetic diversity due to catastrophic events, overhunting, and habitat destruction.
Disruptive selection
This is natural selection that favors organisms at both extremes of the phenotypic range.
Intersexual selection
Bower birds of Australia are avid collectors of various objects to build bowers meant to attract mates.
Intrasexual selection
Male orb weaving spiders mutilate their partners' genitalia to prevent her from mating again. This is:
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria
Supplementing antibiotics to grain-fed cattle, overuse of antibiotics, and overprescribing of antibiotics lead to this
Mosquito
What is the vector for malarial disease?
Sickle-cell disease
Individuals with this in West Africa are more likely to survive and reproduce than those without it.
Sickle-cell disease
Individuals with this are protected against the fatal malaria disease since malaria does not affect red blood cells that are irregular-shaped rather than normal shaped.
Speciation
The formation of a new species is the process of this
The biological species concept
This defines a species as a group of organisms that have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring.
The morphological species concept
This classifies organisms based on observable, physical traits.
The ecological species concept
This identifies species in terms of their ecological niches.
The phylogenetic species concept
This defines a species as a set of organisms that shares a common ancestor and forms one branch on the tree of life.
Sympatric speciation
Speciation without geographic isolation is called this
Polyploid
Most plant species which possess more than two complete sets of chromosomes are said to be this
4.6 billion years old
Earth is nearly how old?
200,000 years ago
Humans belonging to the species Homo sapiens originated how long ago?
Non-photosynthesizing prokaryotes
The earliest life forms recorded in the geologic record were these recorded about 3.5 billion years ago.
Extinctions
Between each eon of the geologic record, these have occurred, in which there has been entire loss of species.
Pangea
Blank, the supercontinent formed by joining of landmasses, has joined and split back apart on three different occasions in the geologic record.
Two-part scientific naming system
The scientific name for a species is written using the blank
Molecular systematics
This uses DNA to construct an evolutionary tree.
Two-part scientific naming system
The scientific name for a species is written using the blank
Molecular systematics
This uses DNA to construct an evolutionary tree.
Two-part scientific naming system
The scientific name for a species is written using this
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