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Fluid and electrolyte review

Terms in this set (38)

A rise in plasma osmolality
A major stimulus for the release of antidiuretic hormone is
Hypotonic hydration
Which of the following is associated with the swelling of cells?
Aldosterone
Estrogens are chemically similar to ___________ and are therefore associated with water retention
Abnormal increase in the amount of interstitial fluid.
Edema
Intracellular fluid
The largest percentage of body water is located in the __________ __________ compartment
Extracellular fluid
Lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, humors of the eye, synovial fluid, serous fluid, gastrointestinal secretions are considered part of what fluid compartment?
Progesterone, promotes enhanced sodium and water excretion in urine
_____________ would increase sodium excretion
A condition that results from solute loss, water retention, or both.
Hyponatremia
there is an increase in the level of aldosterone
When the concentration of Na+ in the ECF decreases __________
Any condition that impairs gas exchange or lung ventilation; rapid, shallow breathing; narcotic or barbiturate overdose or injury to brain stem
Respiratory acidosis
Chemical buffers, respiratory system, renal
Which of the following is the correct sequence of buffer system response?
Most abundant negative electrolyte in extracellular fluid
Cl-
1. Thirst, which prompts us to drink water
2. Release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which causes the kidneys to conserve water and excrete concentrated urine.
A rise in plasma osmolality triggers
Both thirst and ADH release, and the latter prompts the kidneys to excrete large volumes of dilute water
A decline in osmolality inhibits
Hyponatremia
The condition in which sodium levels are too low is referred to as
Hypocalcemia
Vitamin D deficiency can be caused by ____________
Promotes net osmosis into tissue cells, causing them to swell as they become abnormally hydrated
Hyponatremia
An excess amount of potassium in the ECF
Hyperkalemia
Enhances release of calcium from bone
Parathyroid hormone
Constriction of blood vessels, increases blood pressure
Vasoconstriction
Dilation of blood vessels, decreases blood pressure
Vasodilation
The mount of water reabsorbed in the renal collecting ducts is proportional to the ADH release

-Decreased urine output
-Overhydrated decreased ADH
-Increased plasma osmolarity
-Increased water reabsorption
ADH
Most water is not reabsorbed. Dilute urine and reduced volume of blood fluids. Lack of aquaporins.
When ADH levels are low
Nearly all filtered water is reabsorbed and a small volume of concentrated urine is
When ADH levels are high
Integral part of the renin angiotension. The bodys main mechanism for increasing blood volume and pressure

-Increased salt, decreased aldosterone
-Increased blood volume and pressure
-Increased vasoconstriction
-Increased K+ in ECF releases aldosterone
-Sodium in ECF decreased, Aldosterone increased

Result of aldosterone is increased reabsorption of Na+ and secretion of K+
Aldosterone
All the remaining filtered Na+ is reabsorbed. Water always follows Na+. Water comes from intracellular fluid or ADH. Aldosterone increases ECF volume
When aldosterone is high
Reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasoconstriction and Na+ and water retention. ANP has diuretic and natriuetic affects

-Decreased Blood Na+
-Decreased Blood volume and pressure
-Decreased Na+ and water reabsorption
-Decreased vasoconstriction
-Increased vasodilation
ANP
Excretion of Na+ and water by kidneys by inhibiting the ability of collecting ducts to reabsorb Na+ and by supressing the release of ADH, renin and aldosterone. Enhances Na+ ad water excretion, reducing blood volume and pressure. Causes vasodilation, reduces blood pressure
ANP
Peptide hormone.
-Increased vasoconstriction
-Increased blood pressure
-Increased aldosterone
Angiotension
A system of one or more compounds that resist changes in pH when a strong acid or base is added
Chemical buffer
Mixture of carbonic acid, and its salt, sodium bicarbonate in the same solution. Very important in the ECF, it does buffer in ICF but its not important converted to weak acid H2CO3. Hcl lowers the pH slightly
HCl + NaHCO3 ----> H2CO3 + NaCl
Bicarbonate buffer system
Operates nearly identical to bicarbonate buffer system. Very effective in the ICF, effective buffer in urine
Phosphate buffer system
Proteins in plasma and in cells. At least 3 quarters of all buffering power of body fluids resides in the cells. Powerful in the ICF
Protein buffer system
High pH
Alkalosis
Low pH
Acidosis
Increase renal retention of sodium
Estrogens and glucocorticoids
promotes enhanced sodium and water excretion in urine
Progesterone
7.35-7.45
pH of blood
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