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Okstate Animal Breeding Final

Terms in this set (70)

True/ False a punnett square is a two dimensional grid used to determine the possible zygotes obtainable from a mating
True
defined as the male parent
Sire
True/false "better sets of genes"=better breeding values
True
What create the opportunity for an individual to inherit two copies of the same gene
Inbreeding
Individuals are characterized by their what?
Phenotype
What refers to the second generation of crosses produced by mating F1 individuals amongst themselves
F2
What are relations between animals due to kinship
pedigree relationships
Inbreeding does what?
Increases homozygosity
What is the relative frequency of a one locus genotype in a population
Genotypic frequency
What is the fundamental unit of inheritance
A gene
Gameotogenesis as it occurs in females is termed?
Oogenesis
Give two examples of low heritability traits
-Scrotal circumference
-milk production
What is the unique type of cell division in which gametes are formed resulting in each new gamete containing only one member of each chromosome pair
Meiosis
What is the point at which the frequency of an allele becomes 1
Fixation
What is the ability of animal to breed true, the ability of an animal to produce offspring that are uniform, the ability of an animal to produce offspring whose performance is especially like its own.
Prepotent of prepotency
What is the change in gene frequencies in small populations purely by chance
Random drift
What type of traits are typically influenced by many genes
Quantitative traits
What area of breeding is concerned with the measurement of data, statistical procedures and computational techniques for predicting breeding values
Genetic prediction
a dependent relationship between genotypes and environments in which the difference in performance between two or more genotypes changes from environment to environment
Genotype X environmental interaction
What type of animal breeders primary product is a commodity for public consumption
Commercial breeders
What is the general goal for a breeding program. A notion of what constitutes the best animal
Breeding objectives
What is a group of the same species that are nearly the same age, and have been cared for equally in the same environment
Contemporary group
What is the worth of an individuals genetic traits to help improve our herd and improve breeding objectives
Breeding value
What is the relationship between genotype and phenotype
Heterosis
What type of traits are influenced by many genes with no one gene having an over-riding influence is usually quantitative and is more challenging to select for that simply inherited traits
Polygenic traits
What is weaning weight in beef cattle an example of
A trait
What is a race of animals within a species, usually with a common origin and similar identifying characteristics
Breed
What type of traits are complex traits with complex inheritance that are controlled by hundred of genes and include virtually all the performance traits
Quantitative traits
EPD's are an example of what in a sire selection
Risk management
What is an inherited disorder that occurs at or before birth
Congenital defects
What is the part of an individuals genotypic value that is due to independent and therefore transmittable gene effects
Breeding value
What lists accuracy values, genetic predictions, and other useful information about sires in a breed
Sire summary
What is the ability of an individual and its corresponding phenotype and genotype to contribute offspring to the next generation
Fitness
The horned/polled gene in beef cattle is an example of a ____________ trait
Qualitative, simply inherited trait
What is the branch of genetics concerned with the influences on, measurements of, relationships among, genetic prediction for, and rate of change in, quantitative traits
Quantitative genetics
The reliability that can be placed on the EPD. Value close to 1.0 indicates higher reliability and less possible change. Impacted by the number of progeny and ancestral records included in the analysis.
ACC
What is the index value expressed in dollars per head, is the expected average difference in future progeny performance for postweaning and carcass compared to progeny of other sires
$B
What allows for genetic comparison of animals in different herds or flocks. Speeds rate of genetic change by increasing selection intensity by potential to choose from more animals and increasing accuracy of prediction by use of more data
Large scale genetic evaluation
What percentage of genetic change is due to sire selection
90%
EPD's can predict what
Expected differences but not progeny performance
What moves the average EPD of a population away from zero
Genetic trend
What permits us to generate EPDs from individual performance records from genetically diverse contemporary groups from different farms and ranches, from different decades and regions
BLUP (Best linear unbiased prediction)
What does BLUP solve for
P=BV+GCV+E
What is the reliability that is placed on an EPD that is impacted by the number of progeny and ancestral records included in the analysis
ACC
Is selection easier for simply inherited traits than for polygenic traits?
Simply inherited
Give an example of a threshold trait
dystocia
true/false breeding value is the same as genotypic value. The terms can be used interchangeably
False
Do animal breeders select replacements with the best genotypic value or best breeding value
Best breeding value
Hybrid vigor is a result of?
GCV
Since congenital defects are usually inherited as an autosomal recessive, an affected offspring implicates _______
Both parents are potential carriers
What means that the heterozygotes possess more vigor or are more desirable than either of the heterozygotes
Over-dominance
What occurs when genes at two different loci interact to affect the expression of a single trait
Epistasis
What is it when you allow some animals to become parents of numerous offspring while preventing some animals from reproducing, and is a major force in changing gene frequency
Selection
What is it if a gene expression differs between the sexes of a species
The gene is sex linked
What is the measure of how two traits or values vary together in a population
Co-variance
With breeding methods what do we strive to change of our animals descendants
Genotypes
What is the area of animal breeding concerned with the measurement of data, statistical procedures and computational techniques for predicting breeding values
Genetic prediction
What is a general goal for a breeding program or a notion for what constitutes as the best animal called
Breeding objectives
What is a great evolutionary force fueling genetic change in all living things
Natural selection
What are typically the traits of the most economic importance
polygenic traits
Traits of ____________ heritability require large amounts of data in order to make effective selection decisions
low
What has the greatest impact on changing genotypic frequencies
Mating systems
how are simply inherited traits are influenced by one gene pair and are typically ________
Qualitative
True/false mating and selection are distinctively different
True
what is a form of pedigree depicting the flow of genes from ancestors to descendants
Arrow diagram
Inbreeding results in an increase in what
Homozygosity
What is the movement of animals into or out of a population
Migration
What is a mating system in which all matings of sires and dams in a population are equally likely
Random mating
The process that alters DNA to create new alleles
Mutation
What is the value of an individual as a genetic parent and is due to independent transmittable gene effects
Additive genetic value
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