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AP English III Rhetorical Terms

Terms in this set (67)

Allegory
The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. In some ..., for example, an author may intend the characters to personify an abstraction like hope or freedom. The ... meaning usually deals with moral truth or a generalization about human existence.
Alliteration
The repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells"). Although the term is not frequently in the multiple choice section, you can look for ... in any essay passage. The repetition can reinforce meaning, unify ideas, supply a musical sound, and/or echo the sense of the passage.
Allusion
A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. ... can be historical, literary, religious, topical, or mythical. There are many more possibilities, and a work may simultaneously use multiple layers of ....
Ambiguity
The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.
Analogy
A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. An ... can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar. ... can also make writing more vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging.
Antecedent
The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun.
Antithesis
the opposition or contrast of ideas; the direct opposite.
Aphorism
A terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle. (If the authorship is unknown, the statement is generally considered to be a folk proverb.) An ... can be a memorable summation of the author's point
Apostrophe
Figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. It is an address to someone or something that cannot answer. The effect may add familiarity or emotional intensity. William Wordsworth addresses John Milton as he writes, "Milton, thou shouldst be living at this hour: England hath need of thee." Another example is Keats' "Ode to a Grecian Urn," in which Keats addresses the urn itself: rarely on an AP exam, but important when there. ALWAYS Pathos
Atmosphere
The emotional nod created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described. Even such elements as a description of the weather can contribute to the atmosphere. Frequently atmosphere foreshadows events. Perhaps it can create a mood.
Caricature
a verbal description, the purpose of which is to exaggerate or distort, for comic effect, a person's distinctive physical features or other characteristics. Example: The pupils of her eyes are small; like a pebble of sand floating atop a can of blue paint.
Clause
A grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb. An independent, or main, ... expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent, or subordinate ..., cannot stand alone as a sentence and must be accompanied by an independent .... The point that you want to consider is the question of what or why the author subordinates one element should also become aware of making effective use of subordination in your own writing.
Colloquial/Colloquialism
The use of slang or informalities in speech or writing. Not generally acceptable for formal writing, ... give a work a conversational, familiar tone. ... expressions in writing include local or regional dialect
Literary Conceit
A fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects Displays intellectual cleverness through unusual comparisons that make good sense
Connotation
The non-literal, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning. ... may involve ideas, emotions or attitudes
Denotation
The strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion, attitude, or color.
Diction
Related to style, ... refers to the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness. FOR AP EXAMS you should be able to describe the authors ... and understand how it compliments his purpose (along with imagery syntax, literary devices, etc)
Didactic
From the Greek, this word literally means "teaching." ... words have the primary aim of teaching or instructing,especially the teaching of moral or ethical principles.
Euphemism
From the Greek for "good speech," euphemisms are a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept - POLITICALLY CORRECT
Extended Metaphor
A metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work.
Figurative Language
Writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid
Figure of speech
A device used to produce figurative language. Many compare dissimilar things. these include apotrophe, hyperbole, irony, metaphor, oxymoron, paradox, personification, simile, syneddoche, understatement.
Generic conventions
This term describes traditions for each genre. These conventions help to define each genre; for example, and differentiate an essay they differentiate they differentiate an essay and journalistic writing or an autobiography and political writing. On the AP language exam,try to distinguish the unique features of a writer's work from those dictated by convention.
Genre
The major category into which a literary work fits. The basic divisions of literature are prose, poetry, and drama.However, ... is a flexible term; within these broad boundaries exist many subdivisions that are often called genres themselves. For example, prose can be divided into fiction (novels and short stories) or nonfiction (essays, biographies,autobiographies, etc.). Poetry can be divided into lyric, dramatic, narrative, epic, etc. Drama can be divided into tragedy,comedy, melodrama, farce, etc. On the AP language exam, expect the majority of the passages to be from the following ...: autobiography, biography, diaries, criticism, essays, and journalistic, political, scientific, and nature writing. There may be fiction or poetry.
Homily
This term literally means "sermon," but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice.
Hyperbole
A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. (The literal Greek meaning is "overshoot.") ... often have a comic effect; however, a serious effect is also possible. Often, ... produces irony. The opposite of ... is understatement.
Imagery
The sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. On a physical level, ... uses terms related to the five senses: visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, and olfactory. On a broader and deeper level, however, one image can represent more than one thing. For example, a rose may present visual .... while also representing the color in a woman's cheeks and/or symbolizing some degree of perfection. An author may use complex ... while simultaneously employing other figures of speech, especially metaphor and simile. In addition, this term can apply to the total of all the images in a work. On the AP language exam, pay attention to how an author creates ... and to the effect of this ... .
Inference/infer
To draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented. When a multiple choice question asks for an ... to be drawn from a passage, the most direct, most reasonable ... is the safest answer choice. If an ... is implausible, it's unlikely to be the correct answer. Note that if the answer choice is directly stated, it is not ... and it is wrong. You must be careful to note the connotation - negative or positive - of the choices.
Invective
an emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language. (For example, in Henry IV, Part hill of flesh.")
Irony/ironic
The contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant, or the difference between what appears to be and what is actually true. This is often used to create poignancy or humor. In general, there are three major types of ... used in language: (1) verbal ... - when the words literally state the opposite of the writer's (or speaker's) meaning (2) situational ... - when events turn out the opposite of what was expected; when what the characters and readers think ought to happen is not what does happen (3) dramatic ... - when facts or events are unknown to a character in a play or piece of fiction but known to the reader, audience, or other characters in the work.
Litotes
a form of understatement that involves making an affirmative point by denying its opposite. ... is the opposite of hyperbole. Examples: "Not a bad idea," "Not many," "It isn't very serious. I have this tiny little tumor on the brain" (Salinger, Catcher in the Rye).
Loose sentence/non-periodic sentence
A type of sentence in which the main idea (independent clause) comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses. If a period were placed at the end of the independent clause, the clause would be a complete sentence. A work containing many of these often seems informal, relaxed, or conversational. Generally, ... create loose style. This is the opposite of a periodic sentence. Example: I arrived at the San Diego airport after a long, bumpy ride and multiple delays. Could stop at: I arrived at the San Diego airport.
Metaphor
A figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similarity. ... language makes writing more vivid, imaginative, thought provoking, and meaningful.
Metonymy
A term from the Greek meaning "changed label" or "substitute name," ... is a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. For example, a news release that claims "the White House declared" rather than "the President declared" is using ...; Shakespeare uses it to signify the male and female sexes in As You Like It: "doublet and hose ought to show itself courageous to petticoat." The substituted term generally carries a more potent emotional impact.
Mood
The prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work. Setting, tone, and events can affect this. ... is similar to tone and atmosphere.
Narrative
The telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events.
onomatopoeia
A figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words. Simple examples include such words as buzz, hiss, hum, crack, whinny, and murmur. If you note examples of ... in an essay passage, note the effect.
Oxymoron
From the Greek for "pointedly foolish," an ... is a figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox. Simple examples include "jumbo shrimp" and "cruel kindness." This term does not usually appear in the multiple-choice questions, but there is a chance that you might find it in an essay. Take note of the effect that the author achieves with the use of ....
Paradox
A statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity. (Think of the beginning of Dickens' Tale of Two Cities: "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times....")
Parallelism
Also referred to as ... construction or... structure, this term comes from Greek roots meaning "beside one another." It refers to the grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity. This can involve, but is not limited to, repetition of a grammatical element such as a preposition or verbal times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of believe, it was the epoch of incredulity....") The effects of ... are numerous, but frequently they act as an organizing force to attract the reader's attention, add emphasis and organization, or simply provide a musical rhythm.
Anaphora
A sub-type of parallelism, when the exact repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of successive lines or sentences. MLK used this in his famous "I Have a Dream" speech (1963).
Parody
A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule. It exploits peculiarities of an author's expression (propensity to use too many parentheses, certain favorite words, etc.) Well-written ... offers enlightenment about the original, but poorly written ... offers only ineffectual imitation. nuances of the newer work. Occasionally, however, ... take on a life of their own and don't require knowledge of the original.
Pedantic
An adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish (language that might be described as "show-offy"; using big words for the sake of using big words).
Periodic sentence
The opposite of loose sentence, a sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end. This independent clause is preceded by a phrase or clause that cannot stand alone. The effect of a periodic sentence is to add emphasis and structural variety. It is also a much stronger sentence than the loose sentence. (Example: After a long, bumpy flight and multiple delays, I arrived at the San Diego airport.)
Personification
A figure of speech in which the author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions. ... is used to make these abstractions, animals, or objects appear more vivid to the reader.
Point of view
In literature, the perspective from which a story is told.

In addition, be aware that this term carries an additional meaning. When you are asked to analyze the author's..., the appropriate point for you to address is the author's attitude.
Prose
one of the major divisions of genre, ... refers to fiction and nonfiction, including all its forms. In ... the printer determines the length of the line; in poetry, the poet determines the length of the line.
Repetition
The duplication, either exact or approximate, of any element of language, such as a sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern.
Rhetoric
From the Greek for "orator," this term describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.
Rhetorical modes
This flexible term describes the variety, the conventions, and the purposes of the major kinds of writing. The four most common ... (often referred to as "modes of discourse") are as follows: (1) The purpose of exposition (or expository writing) is to explain and analyze information by presenting an idea, relevant evidence, and appropriate discussion. The AP language exam essay questions are frequently expository topics. (2) The purpose of argumentation is to prove the validity of an idea, or point of view, by presenting sound reasoning, an additional aim of urging some form of action. (3) The purpose of description is to recreate, invent, or visually present a person, place, event or action so that the reader can picture that being described. Sometimes an author engages all five senses in description; good descriptive writing can be sensuous and picturesque. Descriptive writing may be straightforward and objective or highly emotional an subjective. (4) The purpose of narration is to tell a story or narrate an event or series of events. This writing mode frequently uses the tools of descriptive writing.
Sarcasm
From the Greek meaning "to tear flesh," ... involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something. It may use irony as a device, but not all ironic statements are ... (that is, intended to ridicule). When well done, ... can be witty and insightful; when poorly done, it is simply cruel.
Satire
A work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule. Regardless of whether or not the work aims to reform human behavior, ... is best seen as a style of writing rather than a purpose for writing. It can be recognized by the many devices used effectively by the ...: irony, wit, parody, caricature, often humorous, is thought provoking and insightful about the human condition. Some modern ...(ists) include Joseph Heller (Catch 22) and Kurt Vonnegut (Cat's Cradle, Player Piano).
Semantics
The branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of words, their historical and psychological development, their connotations, and their relation to one another.
Style
The consideration of this has two purposes: (1) An evaluation of the sum of the choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other We can analyze and describe an author's personal ... and make judgments on how appropriate it is to the author's purpose. these can be called flowery, explicit, succinct, rambling, bombastic, commonplace, incisive, laconic, etc. (2) Classification of authors to a group and comparison of an author to similar authors. By means of such classification and comparison, we can see how an author's ... reflects and helps to define a historical period, such as the Renaissance or the Victorian period, or a literary movement, such as the romantic, transcendental, or realist movement.
Subject complement
The word (with any accompanying phrases) or clause that follows a linking verb and complements, or completes, the subject of the sentence by either (1) renaming it (the predicate nominative) or (2) describing it (the predicate adjective). These are defined below: (1) the predicate nominative - a noun, group of nouns, or noun clause that renames the subject. It, like the predicate adjective, follows a linking verb and is located in the predicate of the sentence. Example: Julia Roberts is a movie star. movie star = predicate nominative, as it renames the subject, Julia Roberts (2) the predicate adjective -- an adjective, a group of adjectives, or adjective clause that follows a linking verb. It is in the predicate of the sentence, and modifies, or describes, the subject. Example: Warren remained optimistic. optimistic = predicate adjective, as it modifies the subject, Warren
Subordinate clause
Like all clauses, this word group contains both a subject and a verb (plus any accompanying phrases or modifiers), but cannot stand alone; it does not express a complete thought. Also called a dependent clause, the subordinate clause depends on a main clause (or independent clause) to complete its meaning. Easily recognized key words and phrases usually begin these clauses. For example: although, because, unless, if, even though, since, as soon as, while, who, when, where, how and that. Example: Yellowstone is a national park in the West that is known for its geysers. underlined phrase = subordinate clause
Syllogism
From the Greek for "reckoning together," a ... (or syllogistic reasoning or syllogistic logic) is a deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises (the first one called "major" and the second called "minor") that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion. A frequently cited example proceeds as follows: major premise: All men are mortal. minor premise: Socrates is a man. conclusion: Therefore, Socrates is a mortal. A syllogism's conclusion is valid only if each of the two premises are valid. They may also present the specific idea first ("Socrates") and the general second ("all men").
Symbol/symbolism
Generally, anything that represents itself and stands for something else. Usually a ... is something concrete -- such as an object, action, character, or scene - that represents something more abstract. However, ... (1) natural .. are objects and occurrences from nature to symbolize ideas commonly associated with them (dawn symbolizing hope or a new beginning, a rose symbolizing love, a tree symbolizing knowledge). (2) conventional ... are those that have been invested with meaning by a group (religious symbols such as a cross or Star of David; national symbols, such as a flag or an eagle; or group symbols, such as a skull and crossbones for pirates or the scale of justice for lawyers). (3) literary ... are sometimes also conventional in the sense that they are found in a variety of works and are more generally recognized. However, a work's ... may be more complicated, as is the jungle in Heart of Darkness. On the AP exam, try to determine what abstraction an object is a ... for and to what extent it is successful in representing that abstraction.
Synecdoche
a figure of speech in which a part of something is used to represent the whole or, occasionally, the whole is used to represent a part. Examples: To refer to a boat as a "sail"; to refer to a car as "wheels"; to refer to the violins, violas, etc. in an orchestra as "the strings." **Different than metonymy, in which one thing is represented by another thing that is commonly physically associated with it (but is not necessarily a part of it), i.e., referring to a monarch as "the crown" or the President as "The White House."
Synesthesia
when one kind of sensory stimulus evokes the subjective experience of another. Ex: The sight of red ants makes you itchy. In literature, ... refers to the practice of associating two or more different senses in the same image. Red Hot Chili Peppers' song title,"Taste the Pain," is an example.
Syntax
The way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences. .. is similar to diction, but you can differentiate them by thinking of this as groups of words, while diction refers to the individual words. In the multiple choice section of the AP exam, expect to be asked some questions about how an author manipulates this . In the essay section, you will need to analyze how ... produces effects.
Theme
The central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life. Usually this is unstated in fictional works, but in nonfiction, the this may be directly stated, especially in expository or argumentative writing.
Thesis
In expository writing, the ... statement is the sentence or group of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or position. Expository writing is usually judged by analyzing how accurately, effectively,and thoroughly a writer has proven this.
Tone
Similar to mood, ... describes the author's attitude toward his material, the audience, or both. ... is easier to determine in spoken language than in written language. Considering how a work would sound if it were read aloud can help in identifying an author's.... Some words describing ... are playful, serious, businesslike, sarcastic, humorous, formal, ornate, sardonic, somber, etc.
Transition
A word or phrase that links different ideas. Used especially, although not exclusively, in expository and argumentative writing, these effectively signal a shift from one idea to another. A few commonly used transitional words or phrases are furthermore, consequently, nevertheless, for example, in addition, likewise, similarly, on the contrary, etc. More sophisticated writers use more subtle means of ... .
Understatement
the ironic minimalizing of fact, understatement presents something as less significant than it is. The effect can frequently be humorous and emphatic. This is the opposite of hyperbole. Example: Jonathan Swift's A Tale of a Tub: "Last week I saw a woman flayed, and you will hardly believe how much it altered her person for the worse."
Wit
in modern usage, intellectually amusing language that surprises and delights. A ... statement is humorous, while suggesting the speaker's verbal power in creating ingenious and perceptive remarks. ... usually uses terse language that makes a pointed statement. Historically, ... originally meant basic understanding. Its meaning evolved to include speed of understanding, and finally, it grew to mean quick perception including creative fancy and a quick tongue to articulate an answer that demanded the same quick perception.
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