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BIO 150 Final

Terms in this set (63)

What is the main function of the bicuspid valve?
to prevent back flow of blood from left ventricle to left atrium
Go over the pathway of blood through the heart
...
What role does the iris play in the vertebrate eye?
controls the amount of light entering the eye
T/F
cones are responsible for color vision, while rods are responsible for grayscale vision
true
anatomy of the eye
be sure to know where rods and cones are and aren't located
Why does the resting potential exist in neurons?
because Na+ is pumped out of the cell, K+ is pumped into the call, and overall the interior of the cell is more negative than outside of the cell
When a neuron is at rest, is the potassium ion or sodium ion concentration higher in the inside and outside?
The potassium ion concentration is higher inside, and sodium ion concentration is higher outside
A neuron at rest is polarized. When a neuron "fires", it sends an AP along the axon. The AP causes Na+ voltage-gated channels to open. What happens when they open?
Na+ diffuses into the neuron, thereby making the cell more positively charged
Female whiptail lizards do not need males to produce babies - the eggs in females develop into viable embryos without ever being fertilized. This is an example of ____________.
parthogenesis
when does the formation of sperm begin in males?
at puberty
when does the formation of eggs begin in females?
Before birth
Know vagina and penis anatomy -- ALA Reproduction
...
Which of the following promotes oxygen release from hemoglobin?
a. a decrease in temperature
b. a decrease in CO2 levels
c. a decrease in pH
d. a decrease in carbonic anhydrase activity
c. a decrease in pH
Carp are fish that thrive in stagnant-water habitats with low oxygen partial pressures. Compared with hemoglobin of many other fish species, carp hemoglobin has a high affinity for O2 levels. Is this trait adaptive? Explain.
Yes - the trait compensates for the small Po2 gradient between stagnant water and the blood of the carp
Which ion most readily leaks across a neuron's membrane, helping to establish the resting potential?
a. Ca^2+
b. K+
c. Na+
d. Cl+
b. K+
In a neuron, what creates the electrochemical gradient favoring the outflow of K+ when the cell is at rest?
a. Na+/K+ -ATPase
b. voltage-gated K+ channels
c. voltage-gated Na+ channels
d. Ligand-gated Na+/K+ channels
a. Na+/K+ -ATPase
Explain the difference between a ligand-gated K+ channel and a voltage-gated K+ channel.
the ligand-gated channel opens in response to binding by a NT, the voltage-gated channel opens in response to membrane depolarization
Which comparisons of rods and cones is false?
a. most human eyes have one type of rod and three types of cones
b. rods are more sensitive to dim light than cones are
c. nocturnal animals have fewer rods than diurnal animals
d. both rods and cones use retinal and opsins to detect light
c. nocturnal animals have fewer rods than diurnal animals
Which of the following statements about taste is true?
a. sweetness is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in food
b. Sodium ions from foods can directly depolarize certain taste cells
c. all bitter-tasting compounds have a similar chemical structure
d. membrane receptors are involved in detecting acids
b. Sodium ions from foods can directly depolarize certain taste cells
Considering that sounds and odors both trigger changed in the patterns of APs in sensory neurons, how does the brain perceive which sense is which when APs reach the brain?
the axons from different sensory neurons go to different areas of the brain
What term describes the mode of asexual reproduction in which offspring develop from unfertilized eggs?
parthogenesis
T/F
the corpus luteum is retained upon implantation due to the presence of the hormone human chorionic gonadotropin
True
How do spermatogenesis and oogenesis in humans differ with respect to numbers of cells produced, gamete size, and timing of the second meiotic division?
spermatogenesis generates four haploid sperm from each primary spermocyte; oogenesis produces only one haploid egg from each primary oocyte. Eggs are much larger than sperm because eggs contain more cytoplasm. In spermatogenesis, the second meiotic division occurs right after the first meiotic division: in oogenesis, the second meiotic division is delayed until fertilizaiton
Which of the four muscular chambers of the human heart directly propels blood into the pulmonary circuit?
Right ventricle
Which of the following promotes oxygen release from hemoglobin?
a. a decrease in temperature
b. a decrease in CO2 levels
c. a decrease in pH
d. a decrease in carbonic anhydrase
c. a decrease in pH
Which of these statements best describes the phenomenon known as the Bohr shift?
a. As tissue CO2 levels increase, pH decreases, resulting in an increase in O2 delivery to the tissues.
b. As tissue CO2 levels decrease, pH decreases, resulting in an increase in O2 delivery to the tissues.
c. As tissue CO2 levels increase, pH increases, resulting in a decrease in O2 delivery to the tissues.
d. As tissue CO2 levels decrease, pH increases, resulting in an increase in O2 delivery to the tissues.
a. As tissue CO2 levels increase, pH decreases, resulting in an increase in O2 delivery to the tissues.
What prevents the atria and the ventricles from contracting at the same time?
the electrical signal generated in the right atrium is delayed at the AV node before passing to the ventricles
Your blood pressure is reported to you as two values (120/80). These numbers represent:
peak pressure during ventricular contraction and lowest pressure at end of ventricular relaxation phase
The concentrations of ions inside and outside a nerve cell are highly asymmetric due to
a. osmosis
b. diffusion
c. sodium-potassium pumps
d. symports and antiports
c. sodium-potassium pumps
Why do Na+ ions enter the cell when voltage-gated Na+ channels are opened in neurons?
a. because the Na+ concentration is much higher outside the cell than it is inside
b. because the Na+ ions are attracted to the negatively charged interior
c. because the Na+ ions are actively transported by the sodium-potassium pump into the cell
d. both A and B
e. both A and C
d. both A and B
Which type of receptor is involved in sound detection?
Mechanoreceptors
What would happen if voltage-gated potassium channels on a resting neuron were to open?
Potassium ions would move out of the cell and the membrane potential would become more negative.
What role does the iris play in the vertebrate eye?
It controls the amount of light that enters the eye
Which of the following hormones would you use if you want to induce ovulation right away?
a. estradiol (estrogen)
b. progesterone
c. luteinizing hormone (LH)
d. human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
c. luteinizing hormone (LH)
Which of the following lists represents the pathway of light through the vertebrate eye?
a. cornea, pupil, retina, lens
b. cornea, iris, lens, retina, pupil
c. cornea, lens, pupil, iris, retina
d. iris, cornea, lens, pupil, retina
e. cornea, pupil, lens, retina
e. cornea, pupil, lens, retina
In hormone production, how do the follicle and corpus luteum compare?
a. Both produce primarily estradiol.
b. Both produce primarily progesterone.
c. The follicle produces more estradiol than progesterone; the corpus luteum produces more progesterone than estradiol.
d. The follicle produces mostly progesterone; the corpus luteum produces estradiol and progesterone.
c. The follicle produces more estradiol than progesterone; the corpus luteum produces more progesterone than estradiol.
A person able to hear only high-frequency sounds would probably have which of the following structural problems in the ear?
a. The tympanum is damaged because of chronic ear infections.
b. The ear ossicles (tiny bones) are abnormally thickened and don't work correctly.
c. The basilar membrane is relatively stiff along its entire length.
d. All of the hair cells are defective in the cochlea.
e. All of the above correctly answers the question.
c. The basilar membrane is relatively stiff along its entire length.
In the human ear, why do different hair cells respond to different frequencies of sound within the cochlea?
Because the basilar membrane varies in stiffness and it vibrates in certain places in response to certain frequencies.
Which of the following comparisons of rods and cones is false?
a. The eyes of most humans have one type of rod and three types of cones.
b. Rods are more sensitive to dim light than cones are.
c. There are more rods than cones in the fovea.
d. Both rods and cones use special pigments to detect light.
c. There are more rods than cones in the fovea.
When does meiosis start to occur in human females?
before birth
Which of the following represents an example of asexual reproduction in animals?
a. Budding
b. Fision
c. Parthenogenesis
d. All of the above
d. All of the above
How do most birth control pills work?
By keeping LH (luteinizing hormone) levels low. This prevents ovulation.
You stare at a yellow triangle. You then look away and stare at a white piece of paper. You notice a blue, triangle-shaped afterimage. What is the best explanation for this phenomenon?
a. The color yellow stimulates both yellow and blue cones.
b. Your blue cones become desensitized while staring at the yellow triangle.
c. The color yellow stimulates green and red cones. The green and red cones become fatigued after staring at yellow for awhile.
d. The color yellow stimulates blue cones. The blue cones become fatigued after staring at yellow for awhile.
c. The color yellow stimulates green and red cones. The green and red cones become fatigued after staring at yellow for awhile.
T/F
Rods are used more in dim light than are cones
True
T/F
The percent oxygen is lower at high altitudes than it is at low altitudes
False - the the percent is pretty much the same, but the overall partial pressure is different at different altitudes
T/F
Blood and water tend to flow in the same direction in fish gills
False - there is countercurrent exchange
T/F
Human lungs and phloem cells in plants both function under negative pressure
False - human lungs function under negative pressure, but phloem cells function under positive pressure
T/F
A drop in pH would cause hemoglobin to release more oxygen
True
T/F
The pulmonary artery carries oxygenated blood to the lungs.
False - deoxygenated blood
T/F
Blood regains pressure and velocity after it passes through capillaries
False - it regains velocity, but not pressure
T/F
A pacemaker is located in the left ventricle
False - the right atrium
T/F
The resting potential results in a positive charge on the inside of neurons
False - negative charge
T/F
An action potential is generated by the closing of Na+ gated channels
False - the opening of Na+ gated channels
T/F
Neurotransmitters always produce an action potential in the post-synaptic cell
False - neurotransmitters don't always produce an action potential
T/F
A louder sound results in a stronger action potential than a softer sound.
False - a louder sound is determined by frequency
T/F
The tapetum lucidum contains a high concentration of cones in humans.
False
T/F
The tapetum lucidum contains a high concentration of cones in animals.
False
T/F
There is only a three-day window each month that fertilization can occur
False - a five day window
T/F
The corpus luteum is needed in order to maintain the endometrium
True
T/F
HCG maintains the corpus luteum.
True
T/F
Fertilization generally occurs in the uterus
False - the oviduct/fallopian tubes
T/F
Fluid tends to enter capillaries at the venous end (toward the end of a capillary).
True
T/F
An IPSP could be caused by K+ exiting a postsynaptic neuron.
True
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