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honors bio unit 4 ~ DNA and cell division-Created by Dani

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Griffith's "transforming principal"

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Griffith's "transforming principal"

information could be transferred between different strains of bacteria

Griffith's experiment

experimented with the bacteria that cause pneumonia, used two different forms and injected them into mice,

Griffith's data

S form of bacteria were killed with heat (mice were unaffected), mice died with injection of combination of heat-killed and live R bacteria

Griffith's conclusion

a transforming material passed from dead S bacteria to live R bacteria, making them deadly

Avery's experiment

experimented with R bacteria and extract made from S bacteria, allowed them to observe transformation of R bacteria, developed process to purify their extract

Avery's chemical tests' results

to discover if transforming principal was DNA or protein, no proteins, DNA was present,

Avery's enzyme tests

added enzymes to break down proteins (transformation still occurred), added enzymes to break down DNA (transformation failed)

Avery's enzyme test results

DNA was a transforming factor

Hershey and Chase

confirmed that DNA is genetic material and provided evidence in 1952, studied viruses that infect bacteria (bacteriophage)

analyzed DNA of several organisms, found four bases of DNA in each (A=T, C=G: adenine=thymine, cytosine=guanine)

Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins

discovered that DNA is a helical structure using x-ray crystallography

Watson and Crick

developed model of DNA's 3D structure, THOUGHT DNA might be helical before the discovery, in 1953 published their DNA model which was a double helix and strands were complementary

they fit together and are the opposites of each other - pairing of bases according to Chargaff's rule

DNA composition

four types of nucleotides (long polymer composed of monomers), nucleotides have three parts: phosphate group, ring-shaped sugar called deoxyribose, and nitrogen-containing base

Chargaff's rule