Honors English Punctuation Study Guide

Terms in this set (32)

noun
person place or thing
pronoun
replaces a noun or other pronoun
adjective
describes a noun, verb, or pronoun
adverb
describes adjective, verb, or adverb
verb
shows action or state of being
conjunction
connecting words, phrases, and clauses
interjection
words or utterances that show strong emotions and can stand alone or be integrated into a sentence
preposition
builds relationships between nouns, pronouns, or other words in a sentence
simple sentence
a sentence that includes one independent clause
compound sentence
a sentence that includes two independent clauses plus a comma and a conjunction
complex sentence
a sentence that includes one independent clause and one or more dependent
clauses
declarative sentence
sentences that make statements
imperative sentence
sentences that are commands
compound complex sentence
a sentence that includes two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses
interrogative sentence
sentences that ask questions
exclamatory sentence
sentence that shows strong emotions
independent clause
a group of words that contains a subject and verb, and expresses a complete thought
dependent clause
a group of words that contains a subject and a verb, but does NOT express a complete thought
coordinating conjunction
words used to join independent clauses to make compound sentences (Examples: and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet)
introductory phrase
dependent clauses that provide background information or 'set the stage' for the main part of the sentence, the independent clause (sometimes not always)
prepositional phrase
phrases that start with a preposition and end with a noun or pronoun
transitional element
however, therefore, nonetheless, also, otherwise, finally, instead, thus, of course, above all, for example, in other words, as a result, on the other hand, in conclusion, in addition
fragment
a group of words that sometimes look like a sentence but are missing a subject, verb,
complete thought or any combination thereof
conjunctive adverb
however, therefore, moreover, furthermore, thus, meanwhile, nonetheless,
otherwise
dependent marker word
a word added to the beginning of an independent clause that makes it
a dependent clause (Ex: while, after, when)
non essential information
information that is not crucial to the message
8 parts of speech
noun
pronoun
verb
adverb
adjective
conjunction
interjection
preposition
run on sentence
when two or more independent clauses are joined without appropriate punctuation
where and why do we use commas
join 2 independent clauses by a comma and a
coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, for, nor, so)

after a transitional element (however, therefore,
nonetheless, also, otherwise, finally, instead, thus, of course, above all, for example, in other words, as a result, on the other hand, in conclusion, in addition)

after an introductory phrase, prepositional phrase, or
dependent clause.

to separate elements in a series. Although there is no set
rule that requires a comma before the last item in a series, it seems to be a general academic convention to include it

to separate nonessential elements from a sentence. More
specifically, when a sentence includes information that is not crucial to the message or intent of the sentence, enclose it in or separate it by commas

with quoted words.

in a date

in a number

between coordinate adjectives (adjectives that are equal
and reversible)

in a personal title

to separate a city name from the state
conjunctive adjective
adjectives that are equal and reversible
where and why do we use semicolons
to join elements of a series when individual items of
the series already include commas

to join 2 independent clauses when the second clause
restates the first or when the two clauses are of equal emphasis

to join 2 independent clauses when the second clause
begins with a conjunctive adverb (however, therefore, moreover, furthermore, thus, meanwhile, nonetheless, otherwise) or a transition (in fact, for example, that is, for instance, in addition, in other words, on the other hand, even so)
where and why do we use colons
to join 2 independent clauses when you wish to emphasize
the second clause

after an independent clause when it is followed by a list, a
quotation, appositive, or other idea directly related to the independent clause

at the end of a business letter greeting

to separate the hour and minute(s) in a time notation

to separate the chapter and verse in a Biblical reference
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