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REL1300 Final Exam

Terms in this set (74)

Who said: "the criticism of religion disillusions man, so that he will think, act, and fashion his reality like a man who has discarded his illusions and regained his senses, so that he will move around himself as his own true sun"?
Karl Marx
Which early theorist of religion proposed the concept of the numinous?
Rudolf Otto
What does Emile Durkheim say that religion essentially is?
A moral benchmark for people to follow, sense of identity/society/community. Religion is the expression of social structures. Society wants and needs connections
In Eliade's model of the sacred and the profane, what does it mean for something to be profane?
Profane: mundane things that have not been given meaning (a water bottle).
Sacred: things we give meaning to (a cross, the american flag)
What does Martin Ruel say about the concept of belief in the study of religion?
Belief is an inner psychological reflection reaffirmed through ritual, expression (baptism, communion, mass). No longer asks what you believe, instead looks at your practices.
Why does Catherine Bell suggest that scholars reframe their discussions of ritual to instead talk about ritualization?
Catherine Bell states that "ritualization" is better to discuss than "ritual" because it is more of a process and not a concrete thing
What does Steven Ramey say is the major problem in the popular video "the spread of world religions"?
Religions are being stereotyped.
What is the main point that Edward Said makes when talking about Orientalism?
Comparing Eastern to Western cultures, seeing Arab culture as exotic, backward, uncivilized and at times, dangerous.
Which public speaker in the 1893 World Parliament of Religions spoke about "little wells" and which religion did he/she represent?
SWAMI VIVEKANANDA, Hinduism
Which are the postmodern critiques of "religion"?
1. religion does not exist
2. not an ontological object of study, but a social construct
3. an invented category for the generalization of complex people groupings
4. inextricable from history, politics, geography
5. necessarily interdisciplinary
What does Masuzawa say about the study of religion?
Believes world religions should not be taught since there is a perspective biased. Also she believes this groups people incorrectly.
What is Craig Martin's "Rule of Thumb"?
What is our and their cultural normal, and how did each group get their norm, When we take for granted the anomalous status of something we naturalize the ideology that renders anomalous. Pretty much means that we shouldn't take something as exotic and will never happen again, but instead try to understand these anomalies and that they exist.
What does Portier-Young say about apocalypses?
"The writers of Daniel, the Apocalypse of Weeks, and the Book of Dreams use the apocalyptic review of history to critique ruling powers by exposing their character (as demonic, monstrous, violent, destructive, or rapacious), revealing their transience, and asserting that they are subject to the greater power of God and accountable to divine judgment. By affirming God's governance of time and the outworking of God's plan in history they gave their readers hope for justice, reversal, and a transformed future (P.Y.)
What label do we use to refer to a religious discourse that maintains the basic logic of the status quo but modifies it to change political order?
Resistance
Which caste is second in the order of the Hindu caste system?
Kshatriya
What was the name of the Buddha?
Siddhartha Gautama
Which leader ruled over India in the 3rd century BCE and established his edicts on 33 rocks and pillars?
Ashoka
What does the Dharma Policy refer to?
Ashoka's Dharma policy was an imperial meta- religion Used to manage religious diversity. A reasonable public morality. To Ashoka: Dharma is "law" "good deeds, respect, right relations, gentleness"
Who is the main deity in the epic of the Bhagavad Gita?
Krishna
According to James Laine, what was the main political function of the Mahabarata/Bhagavad Gita?
"However we might evaluate the nobility of the Gita's philosophical and theological message, read as a timeless classic, it is important to see that if the Mahabharata as a whole was composed in its extant form as a response to Ashoka's rule, surely the condensed ideological message of the Gita should be read, in large part, as a critique of Buddhism and a defense of the role of brahmanic orthodoxy." (Laine, 69)
What is the Enuma Elish?
1700 - 1100 BCE. Babylonian creation myth. (named after its opening words)
Which empire destroys the Jerusalem temple in 587/586 BCE and exiles the society's elite?
Babylon and king Nebuchadnezzar conquer southern kingdom of Judah in 587/586 BCE
What is an apocalypse?
A genre of literature containing motifs such as a revelation, another worldly messenger, a critique on current social/political order, and a promise of a radical shift to come in the future
What did the edict of Antiochus IV in 167 BCE do?
Banned practice of Judaism in Jerusalem, sparked resistance
What are the Deeds of the Divine Augustus?
The funerary inscription of the first Roman emperor, Augustus, giving a first-person record of his life and accomplishments. The Res Gestae is especially significant because it gives an insight into the image Augustus portrayed to the Roman people.
What event prompted Saul to convert to Christianity and change his name to Paul?
After his conversion Saul determined to bring the gospel to the Gentiles, so he dusted off his Roman name and became known as Paul, a name Gentiles were accustomed to.
Historically, who was the first caliph to succeed the prophet Muhammad?
Abu Bakr
According to which Islamic sect should the first caliph have been the cousin of Muhammad, Ali?
Shi'ite vs Sunnis
Which Muslim ruler oversaw the construction of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem?
umayyad
After the Qur'an, what is the most important book in Islam?
The Hadith
What theoretical model did Maurice Halbwachs propose?
Memory is invariably grounded in the social collective. Collective memory is the shared pool of knowledge and information in the memories of two or more members of a social group.
Which traditional Indian practice came under fire by British colonialists and was outlawed only to later be reinstated because practitioners said it was a religious practice?
The hookswinging
Why does the Pramalai Kallar subcaste reimagine their origin story to say that the younger brother of three, proud and independent, leaves his native home and searches for a new land in which to set up his livelihood?
PK didn't like the first origin story about themselves, were referred to as "rocks and thieves" so they created another origin story, where they are known as independent leaders.
Which of the following is not one of the sights that the Buddha's parents wanted to prevent him from seeing?
Parents never wanted him to see: old person, sick person, dead person, monk
Which of the following is not one of the Four Noble Truths?
1. All human beings lives have some suffering, 2. Suffering is caused by your own desire of worldly stuff, 3. Suffering ends when you become free of your desires, 4. the way to end suffering is to achieve Nirvana by going on Buddha's Eight Step Path
What does the N in the word Tanakh represent?
Nevi'im ("prophets")
Who initiated the Maccabean revolt by refusing to renounce his beliefs and attacking his captors?
Mattathias the Hasmonean sparked the revolt against the Seleucid Empire by refusing to worship the Greek gods.
How does Antiochus IV die in the book of the Maccabees?
He died a sad, weak death curled up in bed, defeated
Which is the only biblical book not attested in the Dead Sea Scrolls?
Book of Esther
Where did the authors of the Dead Sea Scrolls live?
They lived in the Khirbet Qumran
In the Damascus Document, who did God raise in order to lead the community?
nebuchadnezzar king of babylon
Who was the first Roman emperor to impose anti-Christian edicts?
Diocletian
Which early Christian martyr was said to be burned in the arena but gave off a sweet fragrance?
Polycarp
What does the word Gospel mean in Greek?
Good news or Glad Tidings
Which early Christian sect authored the Gospel of Thomas?
Written by fictional author: Didymus Judas Thomas (says he's jesus twin brother)
Which of the Gospels is not one of the synoptic gospels?
Gospel of John
True or False: In Islam, Mary is a virgin when she gives birth to Jesus.
True
What is the Shahadah?
The Muslim profession of faith, Acceptance of Islamic creed. There is no god but God & Muhammad is final messenger of God.
What does Judith Butler say about gender?
Man and woman are not concrete ideas. Gender is performance dictated by cultural "habitus" (structured structures structuring structure)
we're told when were born what we can and cannot do.
What model does Thomas Laqueur propose for studying gender in the ancient world?
The one-sex model by Thomas Laqueur:
Woman--------------------man (spectrum) based on actions you take, different days you can fall on different ends of the scale. Expectations for scale come from culture.
What is the Code of Manu?
Called the "Manu-smriti", an ancient Hindu collection of rules of conduct in private and life according to the system of views and the religious dogmas of Brahmanism
What is the Indian custom of Sati?
The Indian custom of a wife immolating herself either on the funeral pyre of her dead husband or in some other fashion soon after his death
True or False: Makdisi argues that anti-Americanism in the Arab world is simply the rest of a clash of civilization.
True
Who were the first Americans to come into contact with the Arab world?
When a ship called The Betsy was seized in the Mediterranean sea by Moroccan privateers in 1784. One year later Algerians captured american vessels and their crews
What does the Dalai Lama represent?
Head monk of Tibetan Buddhism (both divine and human)
At the beginning of the story, how does Thecla learn Paul's teachings?
Sat and listened, from out of her window
What does Jerome emphasize as the most important quality for a Christian woman?
Virginity
From where did Paul write his first letter to the Corinthians?
Ephesus
Which of the following is not one of the three qualities that Stephanie Cobb says are indicative of masculinity in early Christian Rome?
The three qualities ARE Virtue, Wisdom, and Self Control
What does Stephanie Cobb say is the main goal of the Early Christian martyrologies?
Goal is to demonstrate that martyrs are more masculine than others
What have scholars concluded is the primary concern in the Sodom and Gomorrah story in Genesis 19:1-29?
Apocryphal texts mention Sodom only a few times in regards to homophobia, most others are about lack of hospitality, treating foreigners as enemies.
What does Martti Nissinen say in regards to talking about homosexuality in the Bible?
Homoeroticism in the biblical world, not homosexuality. Homoeroticism: sex w same gender for dominance. Homosexuality doesn't exist in biblical authors. Nothing to do with love, companionship, marriage
Yes or No: Does the Qur'an explicitly command women to wear the hijab?
No
What does the term hijab denote in the Qur'an?
Barrier between believers and deniers in the hereafter
Barrier between Mary placed between herself and her people (pure virgin)
Barrier behind which God gives instruction to a mortal
Who is the main god in Euripides' Bacchae?
Dionysus
What is secularism?
A belief system that rejects religion, or the belief that religion should not be a part of the affairs of the state.
Yes or No: According to Adcock, is the complete and total separation of church and state possible?
No
Who is the leader and revolutionary who took power over Iran starting in 1979?
Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini
What does Ayatollah Khomeini call the United States in 1982?
He called it Great Satan
What event is known as the White Night in Jonestown?
Mass suicide due to cyanide poisoning. (914 Americans dead) Jim Jones kills leo ryan (congressman of cali) they went to check out jonestown, 14 people defected and said they wanted to leave, Ryan and his party killed on the airstrip. The people of the congregation decided that the only place to be free is in the afterlife, hence the killing of the town and the people and Jim Jones
What does J.Z. Smith say is wrong with the way that people have studied and interpreted the history of Jonestown?
The media portrayed Jim Jones as evil, the devil and a manipulator. They sensationalized rather than explain White Night. They didn't explain that the cult killed themselves because they critiqued the ways of the US and how they didn't feel that they were equal. They didn't want to actually talk about the issues. JZ Smith says that as academics we have to get to the root problem on why people do these things no matter how ugly it is.
In what country was Jonestown situated?
Guyana
What did Missouri's Executive Order 44 make legal?
It made the extermination of the mormons legal. Excerpt from the document "The Mormons must be treated as enemies, and must be exterminated or driven from the state if necessary for the public peace--their outrages are beyond all description. If you can increase your force, you are authorized to do so to any extent you may consider necessary"
In what year did Joseph Smith run for president?
1844
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