English Final

Aphorism
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Terms in this set (80)
Aphorism
it's a short, usually 1 or 2 sentence statement, that tries to impart some wisdom to the reader, it's meant to encourage while teaching a lesson
Ex: the past can hurt, you can either run from it or learn from it
Why authors use aphorisms?
to impact their readers
Why did Paulo Coelho use aphorisms?
to teach the readers about their personal legend and the language of the world so it's easier to connect to the book
Motif
an object or idea that repeats itself throughout a literary work and symbolizes something else
*image, sound, action, or object
Ex: Macbeth
Preposition
a word that shows the relationship of a noun or a pronoun, called the object of the preposition, to another word
Ex: during, of, under, with, as, near, by, among, to, despite
Prepositional phrase examples
under the sea, by the time, near the end, up a creek, without a paddle
Preposition + object ex:
Taylor ate ice cream with chocolate chips.
Gerund
a verb form that ends in -ing that is used as a noun
Ex: I was dreaming about ice cream vs. Dreaming is a major motif in The Alchemist
Nouns (gerunds)
subject, direct object (after action verb), indirect object, predicate noun (to be verb), object of the preposition
Gerund phrase
the gerund and any compliment or modifiers
Ex: I am responsible for cooking dinner on Tuesday.
Why study world literature?1. to become culturally literate 2. to experience the world 3. see how they're different 4. see how they're similar 5. gain wisdom 6. entertainment7 Epic characteristics1. long, 2. narrative, 3. hero larger than life, 4. reflects the values of society, 5. elements of myth, legend, folklore and history, 6. series tone, 7. elevated lang(fancy talk)Early Literatureoral tradition- one generation to the next explained the world's mysteries praised and expressed religious faith imparted wisdom recorded great deeds and historical events connected people to their culturesCivilizationswas connected to activity as civilizations developed, they used writing to record separated story from the activityTypes of literaturemyths heroic tales sacred tales wisdom lit folk talesArchetypeuniversally understood symbol or pattern of behavior, a prototype upon which others are copiedAncient CivilizationsMesopotamia, Egypt, and Hebrew civilizations= fertile crescent river cultures provided travelMesopotamia3500 BC, Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, Present day Iraq, series of invaders, invented writingRosetta Stonelarge stone foundation 1799, 3 bands of writingDead Sea Scrollsoldest surviving sections of the Bible= 150 BC, found 1947Egyptians2600 BC, Nile River, HyroglyphicsHebrewsNomadic life, Canaon, Abraham, TorahEpic of Gilgamesh4,000 years old, oldest work of literature in existence Universal concerns: friendship, heroism, mortality based on Sumerian king, about 2700 BC, grew through oral tradition, our version written 1300 BC, Gilgamesh is 2 parts god and 1 part man, God side with flawsParticiplesa verb form that can be used as an adjectivePresent participlestricky because they look like gerunds, but act like adjectivesPast participlesmost end in -d or -ed, some formed irregularly Ex: grilled; hiddenParticipial phrasea participle and any modifiers or complimentsGilgamesh (reading notes)enjoy fighting, polytheistic, dreams tell the future, Enkidu feels defeated, connects to the Bible (angels, dust, etc.), several obstacles, fears death, floods, gains self-knowledge, baked bread for each day he was asleep (7 days)Willing suspension of disbeliefa willingness to suspend one's critical faculties and believe the unbelievable Ex: Gilgamesh walked 36 miles in darknessMutabilityeverything changes and passes awaySnakes/serpents archetypebad things happenPourquoi storyanswers why: natural/phenomenon social Ex: Why do snakes shed their skin? A: a snake stole the flower from GilgameshEnjambmentwhen a line of poetry goes onto the next line with no stopMeteru= unstressed /=stressed->louder, u/=iamb, 5=penta iambic pentameterGenesis from King James Bible"let there be light", 2nd day sky was made, 3rd day earth, grass, fruit, 4th day sun, moon, stars, 5th day whales, fish, birds, 6th day everything on land, people and animals Hebrews considered Saturday as the 7th dayFirmamentsky, heavensChaoswithout form or structureAnaphorarepetition of words/phrase for effect Ex: saw it was goodGenesis (God)this god doesn't want his creations to be like godsGilgamesh compared to Noah and the FloodGod saw wickedness of man, Made a boat, God wanted humans gone, 7 days, brought their family on the boat, Sent a dove, guilty for making the flood, offered a sacrifice to the Gods, floods are cleansing, repopulate the EarthMayansNative Americans, lived 250-900 AD, Southern Mexico and Guatemala, calendar based on 260 days-> one day for each god(dess), keeping the days->praising the gods, about 900 they moved out of cities, 1500s the Spaniards conquered, Popul Vuh written down to preserve, called "book of the community/people"Popul Vuhchaos-> nothing there, but there has to be something there, listing->oral story technique, repetition for emphasis->how much nothing there was, Gods made humans to praise the Gods->couldn't be praised for making Earth without humanity, flood, monkeysLord of the Fliesan adventure story about a group of English schoolboys who find themselves on a deserted island They have to pick a leader->good until everyone want to be in chargeWilliam Golding1911-1993, born in Cornwall, England, his dad was a headmaster, and his mom was suffragette for women's causes, he studied at Oxford University->science major to please his dad, but switched, he served in British Navy during WWII, war changed his view on life->no longer believed in man's innocence, published LOTF in 1954-> wasn't an overnight success, now in 35 languages, he wrote 15 other books, won both Booker and Nobel Prize for literature, knighted by the queenInfinitivesa verb that can be used as a noun, adjective, or adverb. They often start with to. Ex: My sister is willing *to help*.Infinitive phraseinfinitive and any modifiers or compliments Ex: Ada May needs *to leave now*.Symbolismmeaning beyond the obvious, an object that stands for itself and a greater ideaPersonificationwhen an inanimate object is given living qualitiesSimilea comparison using 'like' or 'as'Metaphorcomparison without using 'like' or 'as'Imagerypictures and words that use the 5 sensesIronycontrast between expected and realitySituational ironythe contrast between what a reader expects to happen and what actually happensDramatic ironywhere the reader knows something that the character doesn't knowVerbal ironywhen words express something contrary to truth or someone says the opposite of what they really feel or meanForeshadowinguse of hints to indicate events that will occur laterOnomatopoeiathe forming of a word imitation of a natural sound Ex: buzzMoodfeeling the reader getsHyperboletruth is exaggerated, not to be taken literallySynecdochepart is made to represent the whole or vice versa Ex: she needed a new set of wheels, better piggy than fattySatirea piece of writing in which the subject is criticized usually in an attempt to provoke changeParallelisminvolves writing balanced sentencesComasWhen to use: series/list, joining independent clauses, Non-essential info, introductory elements, interruptions, dialogue, and standard usage (names, dates, etc.)Themethe perception about life or human nature that the writer shares with the readerTonethe attitude the writer takes towards a subjectAllusionan indirect reference to another literary work or to a famous person, place, or eventAlliterationthe repetition of consonant sounds at the beginnings of wordsDialectform of language as it is spoken in a particular geographic area or social ethnic groupOmenan event that signals something happening, good or badParadoxa statement that appears to contradict itself, but upon examination is trueElements of a quest1. Quester, 2. Place to go, 3. Stated reason, 4. Challenges and trials, 5. Real reason to goWhat is the real reason for a quest?Self-knowledgeCredibilityauthor's experience, education, author should be stated, credentials should be stated, anonymous authors are suspiciousAccuracyErrors, poor punctuation, and capitalization, statistics should be verifiedObjectivityIs the info bias?Currencydate on the page? has the page disappeared?Visible webthe part of the web that is searchable by a search engine, meta search engine, or subject directoriesProblems with websitesno author, not edited or fact checked, biased, advertising, and no age/dateTriangulating datafinding the info in 3 different placesAnnotated bib formatMLA header and page count, 12 pt times new roman font, citation first with hanging indent, paragraphs are separated by double space