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Kohler English Final

Terms in this set (67)

Protestant Reformation
-many began to question authority of of the Catholic church
-Martin Luther, with his 95 theses, paved the way for the church to be divided and introduced a new Christian denomination known as Protestantism
Mary, Queen of Scots' Execution
-Her and Elizabeth I had problems regarding who should obtain throne
-the English court convicted her of treason and had her executed after 19 years in prison
The Tudor Dynasty
-1485-1603
-Elizabeth I was last of this era
Elizabeth I
-last of the tudors
-unmarried and childless
-received a Renaissance education
-she became patron of the arts
-she loved literature, drama, and music
-she was height of English Renaissance
-had problems with Mary Stuart and Phillip II
-she defeated Spain
William Shakespeare
-introduced tragedies
-no one is more famous than him
-began his involvement in theater as an actor
-very popular playwright
-wrote 37 plays, many considered the greatest of all time
Mary, Queen of Scots
-many believed she the rightful heir to the English throne instead of Elizabeth
-she was convicted of treason, put into prison for 19 years, and then executed
James I
-Elizabeth chose him to be king of Scotland after her death
-son of Mary
-Elizabeth chose the son of Mary because she played a role in Mary's execution and Elizabeth wanted to ease her way into heaven by choosing her son
-he went from king of Scotland to king of England
Duncan
-king of Scotland
-killed by Macbeth
-father of Malcolm and Donalbain
Malcolm
-oldest son of King Duncan
-heir to the throne of Duncan
-flees after murder of father
Donalbain
-son of King Duncan
-flees with Malcolm after death of Duncan
Macbeth
-captain of Duncan's army
-then Thane of Glamis and Cawdor
-murderer of King Duncan
-tragic hero
-lets his ambition control his decisions throughout the course of the story
Banquo
-ally of Macbeth
-told that his descendants will become kings by the witches
-Macbeth plots his murder
Macduff
-thane of Fife
-killer of Macbeth
-avenging hero who saves Scotland from the tyranny of Macbeth
Ross
-cousin of Macduff
-tells everyone that Macbeth had victory over the King of Norway
Fleance
-son of Banquo
-survives Macbeth's attempt to murder him
Seyton
-servant of Macbeth
-tells Macbeth about Lady Macbeth's death
Lady Macbeth
-wife of Macbeth
-desire to be a man so she can have authority
-over ambitious and manipulating toward Macbeth
-commits suicide
-considered a strong woman during these times
Lady Macduff
-wife of Macduff
-Macbeth planned her death and the death of her children
Witches
-tell Macbeth the prophecy that he will be king
-show Macbeth the three horrifying apparitions
-tell Banquo that his sons will be kings
Hecate
-ruler of three witches
-goddess of witchcraft
The Norman Conquest
-led by William the Conqueror to defeat Harold II
-William led a few thousand Norman and French troops across the English Channel to take the throne from Harold II
The Battle of Hastings
-William met Harold II at the Battle of Hastings near a seaside village in southern England
-Harold was killed and William was victorious
War of the Roses
-King Henry started going mad in 1453
-Parliament appointed his cousin Richard of York as temporary head of government
-When Henry recovered, Richard was forced out of office
-Not pleased, Richard fought back, resulting in a civil war
-The house of York: white rose
-The house of Lancaster: red rose
-The York's won!
William the Conqueror
-he suppressed Anglo Saxon nobility and confiscated their lands
-he led the Norman Conquest
Normans
-north men
-descendants of vikings
-they invaded the coast of France in the 9th century
-they accustomed themselves to French ways
Henry II
-conflicted with the church
-he appointed Thomas Becket to throne (his friend)
-the king was enraged with Becket's use of authority
-his guards misunderstood his anger and killed Thomas Becket in his cathedral
-the king created a holy journey to Becket's tomb to show people that he is not the one guilty for his death
King Arthur
-not sure if he actually existed
-his tales are considered legends
-his knights of the round table were models of chivalry
Geoffrey Chaucer
author of Canterbury Tales
Feudalism
the French political and economic system
Magna Carta
-a document that may be the mark of the beginning of a constitutional government in England restricting royal power
-King John promised not to tax the land without meeting the barons
-he also promised to choose wisely who his officers would be
The impact of the growth of towns
-people began to organize themselves into guilds/associations
-ex: merchant guilds and craft guilds
-wealth was no longer restricted to land ownership, which remained a privilege to the nobility
Chivalry
code of knightly behavior
Courtly Love
-not possible to experience with spouse
-married people experienced it outside of their marriage
-people danced, giggled, and held hands with their "lovers"
Middle English
-the conquered Anglo Saxons made up 90% of the population
-they were treated like slaves and raised many Norman children
-their language mixed with that of the Normans and a new language came from it
Vernacular
common language of the people
Lyric Poetry
a formal type of poetry which expresses personal emotions or feelings
-specific rhythm and rhyme scheme (like songs)
Ballad
folk song that tells a story
Exemplum
brief moral story
-ex: The Pardoner's Tale
Satire
the use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people's stupidity or vices
Chaucer nickname
Father of English Literature
Epic
-a long narrative poem
-hero with super human characteristics
-concerns eternal human problems (good vs. evil)
-presented in a serious manner, using elevated language
-hero represents widespread, national, cultural, or religious values
Heroic Poetry
-uses dignified, dramatic, and formal style to describe the deeds of aristocratic warriors and rulers
-these poems showcase the values of glory for war, one's kingdom, and one's ancestors
-bragging and proud poetry
-ex: Beowulf
Elegy/Elegiac Poetry
-lament for the dead/serious reflection
-ex: The Wife's Lament
Kenning
-a compound expression in Old English with metaphorical meaning
-used to describe an object in detail
-two parts of a compound word represent a relationship between subjects and objects that create associations in an abstract and concise way
-ex: oar-steed = ship
Caesura
a break or pause between words near the middle of the line
Alliteration
the occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words
-used for sound and effect
Anglo Saxons
Germanic Warrior society that emphasized bravery, honor, and glory in battle
-patriarchal society based on kinship, comitatus, and fraternity
Kinship
the relationship between the individual and other members of the tribe
Comitatus
-Germanic power of arrangement in which a king was obliged to rule in consultation with his thanes or knights
-thanes swore absolute fidelity to king
-glue that held society together
-the king and thanes were bound to one another
-worked for benefit of tribe as a whole
Thanes
-fidelity to king
-bound to to each other and to their king
Fraternity
-close bonds among men of the tribe
-they worked, lived, and died together
Wergild
legally binding arrangement where money was paid to the family of the victim of a murder or injury by offender
Mead Hall
-a building with a large, central room where the king and his thanes would feast, drink, play games, and socialize
-symbol of kings power and considered safest place in the kingdom
Wyrd
-fate or destiny determined by the gods
-the word weird comes from this
Scop
Anglo Saxon oral poet
-told stories from memory often using a lyre (harp)
-told stories that offered good and bad models of behavior
-foster of fraternal bond
The Venerable Bede
author and scholar
-the "Father of English History"
-first person to write scholarly and religious works in English
Alfred the Great
-ruled from 871-899
-brought peace
-founded schools
-made English the official language
-established a legal code
-defended England from vikings
-improved the army and navy
-wrote the Anglo Saxon Chronicle
Old English
earliest form of English
Book of Exeter
an anthology of Anglo Saxon Poetry
Beowulf
Geatish hero who defeats Grendel, Grendel's mother, and a fire-breathing dragon
-His boasts and encounters reveal him to be the strongest, ablest warrior around
-fights for glory of his trbe
Hrothgar
-King of Danes
-wife: Wealtheow
Grendel
-Beowulf fights and kills him and his mother for glory from his tribe
Geats/Geatland
-from Sweden
-leader: Beowulf
Danes/Denmark
King Hrothgar controls these people and this area
Heorot
mead-hall in the story Beowulf
Wealtheow
wife or King Hrothgar
-queen of Danes
Unferth
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