1494: Treaty of Tordesillas - divides world between Portugal and Spain
1584 - 1587: Roanoke - the lost colony
1607: British establish Jamestown Colony - bad land, malaria, rich men, no gold
Headright System - land for population - people spread out
1608: French establish colony at Quebec.
1614: Tobacco cultivation introduced in Virginia. - by Rolfe
1619: First African slaves brought to British America.
Virginia begins representative assembly - House of Burgesses
1620: Plymouth Colony is founded.
Mayflower Compact signed - agreed rule by majority
1629: Mass. Bay founded - "City Upon a Hill" Gov. Winthrop
1630: The Puritan Migration
1632: Maryland - for profit - proprietorship
1634 - Roger Williams banished from Mass. Bay Colony
1636: Rhode Island is founded - by Roger Williams
1638 - Delaware founded - 1st church, 1st school
1649 - Maryland Toleration Act - for Christians - later repealed
1650-1696: The Navigation Acts are enacted by Parliament. - limited trade, put tax on items
1660 - Half Way Covenant - get people back into church - erosion of Puritanism
1676: Bacons Rebellion - Virginia - Bacon wants frontier protection from royal Gov. Berkeley - put down
1682: Pennsylvania is founded by William Penn. - Quaker - 1st library - center of thought
North
Set up laws / codes
Brought families
Less land = closeness
Social and economic mobility
Puritan work ethic
Better relations with Indians
South
Dependent on crop - kills land
Less urbanized
Poorer communication, transportation
Indian problems
Slower defense
1692: The Salem Witchcraft Trials.
1696: Parliamentary Act.
1699-1750: Restrictions on colonial manufacturing.
1700's - Enlightenment - reason, natural rights, diesm (god made universe but doesn't control it)
John Locke, Adam Smith, Rousseau
Colony Characteristics
Bi-cameral legislature White, male, landowners vote
Town meetings No British Troops
Mobocracy to oppose authority Legislature - governor is puppet
Courts / law Small, Balanced, Elected
No standing armies
1720 - 1740: Great Awakening - George Whitefield, Edwards, Gibbens - salvation for all, extreme piety, Divine Spirit
1733: Georgia Colony is founded. - buffer state
Molasses Act - import tax on molasses, sugar, rum - to curb trade with French West Indies - not strictly enforced
1735: Zenger Trial - victory for freedom of the press
1754-1763: The French and Indian War
Over Ohio River Valley - trade / settlement
French build forts - and are friendly with the Indians
British declare war
1754 - Albany Plan of Union - for defense - fails and shows disunity of colonies
Colonies Reject
Taxation by colony, crown, and colonial gov.
Southern stated don't want to participate in
Northern wars
Representation based on hom much money each
colony gives
British should be responsible for protection
President not elected
Crown's Rejection
Colonies make own laws
Colonies have own protection
Colonies have right to declare war
1761 - writs of assistance - search warrents to enforce Navigation acts - James Otis opposes
1763: Treaty of Paris ends the French and Indian War - French loose all territory
Paxton Boys Rebellion - dissatisfied about frontier protection in PA
Proclamation of 1763 restricts settlement west of the Appalachians
Pontiac's Rebellion - tribes organize against British movement
SALUTORY NEGLECT ENDS
1764: The Sugar Act - to raise revenue - England in debt "No taxation without representation"
1765: The Stamp Act - tax on printed materials to "keep troops in colonies" Sons of Liberty enforce non-importation
Stamp Act Congress - Protests Stamp Act
1766: Quartering Act - colonies must support troops
1767: The Townshend Acts - tax lead, paint, paper, glass, tea
colonies react by non-importation, Samuel Adams Circular letter
1770: The Boston Massacre.
1772: Samuel Adams organizes the Committees of Correspondence.
1773: The Tea Act - reduces price to tea - gives England a monopoly Boston Tea Party
1774: The Intolerable Acts - to punish Boston
Boston Port Act - closes ports
Massachusetts Government Act - no town meetings, no trial by jury, military rule, Quartering Act
Quebec Act - Quebec added to Ohio River Valley
- Britain supports people in Quebec Catholic, don't have trial by jury, no election
The First Continental Congress convenes in Philadelphia
First Continental Congress
Moderate - don't want to split from England
Demand rights of Englishmen
Joseph Galloway - Plan of Union - council with delegates from colonies, president by Crown - rejected
Declaration of Rights and Resolves - reject Intolerable Acts, ultimatum - no trade
Establish Continental Association to enforce
.
1775: Battles of Lexington and Concord
The Second Continental Congress convenes.
Second Continental Congress
More radical
Issued "Declaration of Causes and Necessity of Taking up Arms"
Appoint George Washington as commander
Olive Branch Petition - last attempt to reconcile- rejected
1776: R.H. Lee's Resolution - "should be independent states"
For Independence
Military advantages
Loss of natural rights
trial by jury, taxation without representation,
quartering, charters, no assembly
Limited currency
Fighting for home rule
British government impractical
Best time to unite
Against Independence
No military
Laws were broken - we are being punished
Democracy hasn't worked before
No certain foreign support
Consequences of losing
Not unified
Taxation for protection
1776: American Declaration of Independence
Thomas Paine's Common Sense
Battles of Long Island and Trenton
1777: Battle of Saratoga - turning point in Revolution
Congress adopts the Articles of Confederation
Articles of Confederation
Independent, free, sovereign states Union for defense
Have same duties and restrictions Delegates appointed annually
Each state one vote Freedom of speech and debate
Individual states can't enter into alliances Can't wage war without consent
with foreign states Money in treasury depends on value of land
Can't enter alliance or hold treaties without Can't control trade
consent of congress
Vermont ends slavery.
1778: Treaty of Alliance between the United States and France - sends navy and army
1781: British surrender at Yorktown - Cornwallis looses
1783: Treaty of Peace is signed - violated - Articles of Confederation weak Independence recognized Granted fishing rights Loyalist restitution of property Britain withdraws from forts (Not really) Free Navigation of Mississippi
1785: Land Ordinance of 1785. - government responsible over territory
1786: Shay's Rebellion - depression, no market, no hard currency, farmers poor
Annapolis Convention - agreement between states - fails
1787: Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia. - to revise Articles .
Constitution
I. House of Representatives - sole power to impeach, bill for revenue
Senate - try impeachments
Congress - tax, excese, duties, commerce regulation, declare war, raise army
II. Executive - commander, make treaties with consent, appoint judges
III. Supreme Court - original jurisdication
IV. Protection against invasion, domestic and foreign
V. 2/3 of both houses to amend constitution
Great Compromise - bi-cameral legislature (equality in Senate, popular in House)
3/5 Compromise
No importation of slaves after 1808
James Madison develops principles for the US Constitution
Northwest Ordinance - prohibits slavery in west, provides for states to be admitted on equal status
1789: George Washington is inaugurated first President.
Judiciary Act - establish courts beneath Supreme Court
French Revolution - don't help France
1791: The Bill of Rights is ratified
Bill of Rights
I. Freedom of speech, press, religion, assembly
II. Right to keep and bear arms
III. No quartering without consent
IV. Against search and seizure
V. Not subjected to same offense twice, be deprived of life, liberty, or property
VI. Right to speedy trial
VII. Guaranteed trial by jury
VIII. No excessive bail, fines or cruel and unusual punishment
IX. Rights not confined to what is written
X. Powers not delegated to U.S. are reserved to states
First Bank of the United States is established
Hamilton's Program - debt is good, tie interests of rich, promote home manufacturing, alliance with Britain
Hamilton
People checked by elite
Strong central government
National debt
British government is model
Executive in for life
Weak state government
Jefferson
Government run by people
Central government too oppressive and expensive
British government corrupt
Executive not perpetual
Against standing army
1793: Eli Whitney invents the Cotton Gin.
1794: The Whiskey Rebellion - poor farmers don't want to pay excise tax - Wash. uses troops to put down
1795: Jay Treaty - with Britain - US will not trade with ports opened during war time that were closed .
during peace time - Britain will leave forts (Not really) and will allow US to trade in Asia
Pinckney's Treaty - with Spain - free navigation of Mississippi River, right of deposit in New Orleans.
1796: Washington's Farewell Address - strong central government and foreign neutrality
1796: John Adams (Federalist) elected ; Jefferson (Rep) VP
XYZ Affair: France attacks Am. Ships and makes unreasonable demands - no money, no war
1798: Alien and Sedition Acts - illegal to publish anything against government or president
1798-1799: Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions - gave states right to nullify if unconstitutional - anti-Alien and Sedition Acts
Thomas Jefferson elected - government changes to Democratic-Republican
1803: Louisiana Purchase - Federalists oppose - establish loose construction of the Constitution
Marbury vs. Madison - Supreme Court declares parts of the Judiciary Act of 1789 - Supreme Court could declare law unconstitutional and powers of Court only given in Constitution
Essex Junto - Federalist organization in New England attempts to secede
Embargo Act - stop exports - no war, no impressment - Federalist object to cut off trade
1809: Nonintercourse Act - resumes trade with all but France and Britain
Battle of Tippecanoe: Harrison defeats Indian Tecumseh who made alliance with Indians for defense
1812-1814: The War of 1812 - to protest trade, stop impressment, protect mercantilism War Hawks want Canada to join Federalist against war
1814: Treaty of Ghent - ends war with a status-quo
Era of Good Feelings begins
Hartford Convention - Federalists against War of 1812 and mercantile practices of Madison
1816: 2nd Bank of U.S. created
Henry Clay's American System - federally founded domestic improvements and protective tariff
Rush- Bagot Disarmament - between US and Br. - to get fishing rights
1819: Transcontinental Treaty - Get Florida from Spain - Jackson invades, remove Spanish threat
Panic of 1817 - land speculation, banks can't pay loans of Bank of US = bank runs
McCulloch vs. Maryland - Enforced constitutionality of 2nd Bank of US and "the power to tax is the power to destroy"
Dartmouth College vs. Woodward- Broad interpretation of contract
1820: Missouri Compromise - Maine admitted as free state and Missouri a slave state but no slavery north of Missouri
Land Act - reduce price of land - encourage development
1823: Monroe Doctrine declared - No future colonization of this hemisphere
Gibbons vs. Ogden - interstate trade controlled by fed. courts
1828: Tariff of Abominations - protective - South opposes
Election of 1828: Jackson promises to limit executive
power, internal improvements, lower debt
1829: Maysville Road Bill Veto - only within Kentucky
Webster (nationalist) - Hayne (states rights) Debates - began over Tariff of Abominations
1830s: The Second Great Awakening.
1831: The Liberator begins publication. - abolitionist become vocal Nat Turner Rebellion
1831-1838: The Trail of Tears--Southern Indians are removed to Oklahoma.
1832 - Tariff of 1832 - raises tariffs again
Force Bill - allows president to do what is necessary to enforce tariff
Ordinance of Nullification - South Carolina nullifies tariff -
Veto of Bank of U.S. re-charter
Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia - Federal government has control, not Georgia
1833: Roger Taney removes federal funds from Bank of U.S. by order - thinks bank is unconstitutional
1835-1836: Texas War for Independence - "Lone Star Republic"
1836: The Gag Rule
Specie Circular - western land must be paid by hard currency
1837: US recognizes the Republic of Texas.
1938 - 1839: Aroostook "War" - boundary dispute between Maine and New Brunswick
Democrats
Jackson, Calhoun, Van Buren, Benton
"Republicans"
Against monopolies and privilege
Decrease tariff
For state rights
Whigs
Clay, Webster, John Quincy Adams, Harrison
"Federalists"
For national power; Bank of US
Increase in tariffs
Internal Improvements
Preemption Bill - to distribute money from sale of western lands to states - bill defeated
1842: Tariff Bill - raised tariffs back to 1832 status
Dorr Rebellion: Rhode Island - rebellion against land qualifications for voting - Tyler puts down
1839: Webster - Ashburton Treaty - ends boundary dispute
1843: Oregon Trail - migration
1845: Taxes annexation Bill - by Tyler - permits admission of Texas and Florida
Annexation of Texas
1846-1848: Mexican-American War
1846,1847: Wilmont Provisto - no slavery in new states formed from Mexican land - rejected
54" 40' or Fight ralling cry
Reestablish Independent Treasury System - vaults
Walker Tariff Bill - lowered tariff
1847 - Polk Doctrine - resurrection of Monroe Doctrine concerning admitting new states into union
Obtain Oregon below 49 parallel
Treaty of Guadelupe Hidalgo
- Get territory of Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming
Women's Rights Convention is held in Seneca Falls, NY - headed by Mott and Stanton
1850 Compromise of 1850 - passes as separate acts during Fillmore - but violated, California free state, Other areas - popular sovereignty, Fugitive Slave Law strengthened
1853: Gadsden Purchase - buy land from Mexico to build RR -Uncle Tom's Cabin
1854: The Kansas-Nebraska Act - passed to create two states for a RR to go to west - slavery in states
determined by popular sovereignty - North fears overturn of Missouri Compromise
New England Emigrant Aid Society - into Kensas / Nebraska territory
1854-1859 - Bleeding Kansas - Topeka (Free Soilers) government vs. LeCompton (slavery) gov.
Ostend Manifesto - take Cuba - rejected
Pottawatomie Massacre: John Brown kills four pro-slavery people
1857: The Dred Scott decision.
slaves are property to be taken anywhere - allows for slavery in North
Missouri Compromise unconstitutional
LeCompton Constitution rejected
1858 - Lincoln - Douglas Debates - on extension of slavery into new territories
Free Port Doctrine - Dred Scott decision has to be enforced - if not popular sovereignty rules
1859 - John Brown's Harpers Ferry to free slaves
1860: Crittenden Compromise - last attempt at amendment against barring slavery below 36' 30 line - fails, Lincoln not abolitionst
For Seccession
North violates rights - doesn't enforce fugitive laws
History - right to abolish a destructive government
Money from treasury goes for Northern interests
Government for the north
Gov. taking away property
No majority - rights taken away
Against Seccession
Not truly free and independent state
Agreed to follow majority
Gave up rights to join union
"form a more perfect union"
Contract among people not states
1860-1865: The Civil War
1860: South Carolina secedes.
Beginning of Industrial Revolution - "Guilded Age"
1861: The Civil War begins at Fort Sumter
Confederacy established - Davis - President; Stephens - VP
Confederate Constitution
No protective tariffs No federal funded improvements
States could impeach federal officers States supreme
Slavery protected 2/3 of house to appropriate money (Problem)
1861 - Kansas admitted as a free state
Bull Run - South wins - Civil War becomes long
1862: Pacific RR Act - partially fed. funded - gave land for RR
Homestead Act - 1862 - gov. land grants
1863: Battle at Antietam
The Emancipation Proclamation.
Battle of Gettysburg - turning point
Lincoln announces "10 Percent Plan."
Wade - Davis Bill: South divided into military units until majority pledges allegiance and bans slavery Congress controls Reconstruction
1865: Civil War Ends - Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox, VA after Vickesburg critical win
1865: Freedman's Bureau is established - education and food
Lincoln is assassinated
Thirteenth Amendment - abolishes slavery
1866: Ex Parte Milligan - Military courts can't try civilians when civil courts are open
Civil Rights Act is passed over Johnson's veto - gave blacks equal rights
National Labor Union formed - short lived - attempted political involvement (womens rights, temperance, 8hr day, cooperatives)
Fetterman Massacre - troops killed
1867: Alaska Purchased.
Grange - organization formed by Kelly for social and educational reform for the farmer - Farmers face deflation, debt, drought, depression
Reconstruction Acts - divide South into 5 military units, protect black voting, est. new constitutions
1868: Tenure of Office Act - Pres. Can't remove any appointed official without Senate consent
- declared unconstitutional - Congress can't take away powers of Pres.
14th Amendment - All persons born/ naturalized within US are citizens - equal protection
Ku Klux Klan begins.
Carnegie Steel Company is formed.
Election of 1868: Grant (Rep) defeats Seymore (Dem)
1869: Transcontinental RR completed from Union Pacific and Central Pacific
Knights of Labor formed - secret
1870: Fifteenth Ammendment is ratified - right to vote can't be determined by race, color, etc.
Force Acts - to protect the constitutional rights guaranteed to blacks by the 14th and 15th Amendments
1872: Credit Mobilier Scandal - stock holders of RR construction
company overcharge gov. for job
Election 1872: Grant re-elected
1873: Slaughterhouse Cases - 14th Am doesn't place fed gov't under obligation to protect basic rights concerning monopolies
Farmers Alliances - anti-RR pools, rebates, pass Granger laws
1875: Civil Rights Act - gave blacks equal rights
1876: Battle of Little Bighorn. - Custer killed
U.S. vs. Reese- allows voting qualifications - literacy test, poll tax, grandfather clause
Election 1876: Hayes (Rep) defeats Tilden (Dem)
Compromise of 1877 - Hays becomes president, troops withdraw from South
Knights of Labor go public - Pres. Powderly - no strike stand - both skilled and unskilled -too diverse
Helen Hunt Jackson writes A Century of Dishonor
1882: Chinese Exclusion Act
European Restriction Act
Civil Rights Cases: allowed individual discrimination
Jim Crow laws
1884: Election of 1884: Cleveland (Dem) defeats Blaine (Rep)
1886: The American Federation of Labor is founded by Gompers - for skilled only (no women/ blacks) - dealt only with labor - used strikes
Interstate Commerce Act - regulate RR and private businesses
Haymarket Incident people think unions are radical
1887: Interstate Commerce Commission
Dawes Severalty Act - government break up land individually for Native Americans
Bering Sea Controversy - over seals
1890: North American Women's Suffrage Association is founded.
The Sherman Antitrust Act. - Trusts in restraint of trade are illegal, used against labor unions
1890-1900: Blacks are deprived of the vote in the South.
Wounded Knee - Indians revolt to outlawing the sacred ghost dance/are attacked out of US gov fear
1892: The Homestead Strike -at Carnegie Steel - Pinkerton guards and troops put down strike
Populist Omaha Platform - 8hr work day, nationalization of RR,
inflation, coinage of silver, anti-rich capitalist, decrease tariff
1894: The Pullman strike - Pullman Co. controls prices but fires workers - Am Railway Union strikes
Booker T. Washington's Atlanta Compromise Speech - both races must accept and help each other - blacks have to earn rights
1896: Plessy vs. Ferguson - "Separate but Equal"
1898: Spanish American War - because of election year and yellow journalism (Pulitzer and Hearst) Maine explodes - "Remember the Maine"
Get Hawaii, Peace of Paris: Gives Cuba Independence and US gets
Puerto Rico, Philippines, and Guam
Teller Amendment - gave Cuba freedom
Open Door Notes - Hay - agree to territorial integrity of China
1900: Progressive Era - cure corruption, anti-monopolies, temperance, help immigrants and labor, building codes, public utilities
Boxer Rebellion - Chinese nationalist rebel - foreign nations unite to put down rebellion
1901 Platt Amendment - gave US a base in Cuba and permission for troops to intervene and consent to treaties
US land in Panama
1904: Panama Canal
Roosevelt Corollary: addition to Monroe Doctrine - made US a police force, Take over Dominican customs duty, Arbitrates in Venezuela dispute with Germany