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Biology Ch. 1

Terms in this set (62)

Anatomy
study of the structure and shape of the body & its parts
Physiology
study of how the body & its parts work/function
Specialties of anatomy
Macroscopic (Gross) anatomy & Microscopic Anatomy
Macroscopic Anatomy
Study of large, visible structures & features
Different types of gross anatomy
*Systemic Anatomy - study of structure of organ systems
*Developmental Anatomy - study of the development from egg to maturity
*Clinical Anatomy - study of anatomic structure from perspective of a Dr.
Microscopic Anatomy
Studies structure that can't be seen w/o magnification (ex:cells & molecules)
Cytology
study of structure of individual cells
Histology
study of tissue
Specialties of physiology
*Cell physiology - studies processes within & between cells
*Organ physiology - studies functions of specific organs (ex:cardiac physiology)
*Systemic physiology - studies function of an organ system (ex:cardiovascular physiology)
*Pathological physiology - studies effects of disease
Homeostasis
Dynamic Equilibrium
Mechanisms of homeostatic regulations
INTRINSIC REGULATION & EXTRINSIC REGULATION
Intrinsic Regulation
*Autoregulation or self-regulation
*Automatic response inside a cell, organ, or tissue
Ex:oxygen (O2) levels decrease in tissue, blood flow increases, increases oxygen to the tissue
Extrinsic Regulation
responses controlled by NERVOUS & ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS
Extrinsic Regulation(NERVOUS)
*Directs RAPID, short-term, very specific responses (ex:hand on hot stove)
*Effects are TRANSITORY; last only as long as neural activity continues (for SECONDS)
Extrinsic Regulation(ENDOCRINE)
*Releases HORMONES (chemical messengers) that affect tissues & organs throughout the body
*Responses are SLOWER than nervous system, but effects are longer lasting (DAYS or WEEKS)
*Control changes during growth & development
Homeostatic Regulatory Mechanisms(3 MAJOR)
*RECEPTOR(thermometer) - Sensor that RECEIVES the STIMULUS (changes in the variable(what's being measured) ex:temperature)
*CONTROL CENTER(thermostat) - Receives, PROCESSES & INTERGRATES the signal & sends instructions to the..
*EFFECTOR(air conditioner) - End organ (cell, tissue, etc.) that carries out instructions from the control center in response in change to the stimulus.
Afferent
Bearing or conducting inward; specifically: conveying impulses toward the central nervous system
Efferent
Conducting outward from a part or organ; specifically: conveying nervous impulses to an EFFECTOR
2 types of homeostatic regulation
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK & POSITIVE FEEDBACK
Negative feedback
REDUCES stimulus, minimizes change, primary mechanism of homeostatic regulation in the body
Positive Feedback
Increases stimulus until feedback loop is interrupted by a "LIMITING CONSTRAINT" (always positive), found in body where potentially dangerous process must be completed quickly (blood clotting & childbirth) (extreme bleeding must be stopped)
Atoms
Fundamental units of matter
Cells
Fundamental units of LIVING matter
Interdependecy
Anything that affects ONE part of the system ultimately affects every OTHER component in that system
Living things are organized by
hierarchy of INTERDEPENDENT levels of organization, from microscopic to macroscopic scale
Levels of Organization(from molecule to complete organism)
*CHEMICAL LEVEL - atoms in combination=complex protein molecule=protein filaments
*CELLULAR LEVEL - heart muscle cell
*TISSUE LEVEL(3rd level) - cardiac muscle tissue
*ORGAN LEVEL - the heart
*ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL - cardiovascular system
*ORGANISM LEVEL - human body
Organization of a muscle
*Protein molecules (CHEMICAL level)
*Myofilaments (ORGANELLE level)
*Muscle cells (CELLULAR level)
*Cardiac muscle tissue (TISSUE level)
*Heart (ORGAN level)
ORGAN SYSTEMS
11 Body Systems(Sir, I'm Scared & Nervous about Reproducing with the Rest. Uri Must Dig Into the End)
*Circulatory(Sir) - distributes blood cells, water & dissolved materials including nutrients, waste products, oxygen & carbon dioxide, distributes heat & assists in control of body temp(major organs:heart, blood vessels, blood)
*IMMUNE(I'm)(lymphatic) - defends against infection & disease, returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream(major organs:spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils)
ORGAN SYSTEMS CONT.
11 Body Systems(Sir, I'm Scared & Nervous about Reproducing with the Rest. Uri Must Dig Into the End)
*Skeletal(Scared) - provides support & protection for other tissues, stores calcium & other minerals, forms blood cells(major organs:bones, cartilages, associated ligaments, bone marrow)
*Nervous(Nervous) - directs immediate responses to stimuli, coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems, provides & interprets sensory info about external conditions(major organs:brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sense organs)
ORGAN SYSTEMS CONT)
11 Body Systems(Sir, I'm Scared & Nervous about Reproducing with the Rest. Uri Must Dig Into the End)
*Reproductive(Reproducing) - produces male sex cells (sperm), suspending fluids, & hormones, sexual intercourse. produces female sex cells (ooctyes) & hormones, supports developing embyro from conception to delivery, provides milk to nourish newborn, sexual intercourse(major organs:male - testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis, scrotum. female - ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, labia, clitoris, mammary glands)
ORGAN SYSTEMS CONT
11 Body Systems(Sir, I'm Scared & Nervous about Reproducing with the Rest. Uri Must Dig Into the End)
*Respiratory(Rest) - delivers air to alveoli(sites in lung where gas exchange occurs), provides oxygen to bloodstream, removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream, produces sounds for communication(major organs:nasal cavities, sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, aveoli)
*Urinary(Uri) - excretes waste products from the blood, controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced, stores urine to voluntary elimination, regulates blood ion concentrations & pH)
ORGAN SYSTEMS CONT
11 Body Systems(Sir, I'm Scared & Nervous about Reproducing with the Rest. Uri Must Dig Into the End)
*Muscular(Must) - provides movement, provides protection & support for other tissues, generates heat that maintains body temp(major organs:skeletal muscles & associated tendons)
*Digestive(Dig) - processes & digests food, absorbs & conserves water, absorbs nutrients, stores energy reserves(major organs: teeth, tongue, pharnyx, esophagus, stomach, large intestine, small intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas)
ORGAN SYSTEMS CONT
11 Body Systems(Sir, I'm Scared & Nervous about Reproducing with the Rest. Uri Must Dig Into the End)
*Integumentary(Into)(Skin) - protects against environmental hazards, helps regulate body temp, provides sensory info(major organs:skin, hair, nails, sweat glands)
*Endocrine(End) - directs long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems, adjusts metabolic activity & energy use by the body, controls many structural & functional changes during development(major organs: pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads, endocrine tissues in other systems)
Superficial Anatomy
Anatomical Postition (standing erect, hands at sides, palms facing forward), Anterior(ventral) view (viewed from front), Posterior(dorsal) view (viewed from back), Lying positions are supine(lying face up) (tip:bowl of SOUP faces up SUPINE) & prone (lying face down)
Anatomical Landmarks
Prominent anatomical structures, regions, etc. used as BODY LANDMARKS just as physical landmarks are used when driving. Terms can be presented as anatomical terms (brachium), anatomical adjectives (brachial artery, vein, or nerve; brachialis muscle), Common name (arm)
Hypo
Below
Hypogastric
Below the stomach
Hypochondriac
area below the ribs
Abdominopelvic Area
4 abdominopelvic quadrants - Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ), Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ), Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ), Lower Left Quadrant (LLQ)
Abdominopelvic Area
9 abdominopelvic regions - Upper (epigastric, hypochondriac (left & right), Middle (umbilical, lumbar (left & right), Lower (inguinal (pubic) hypogastric (left & right)
Abdominopelvic Quadrants & Regions
Internal organs associated w/ abdominopelvic area
*Liver, stomach, large intestine, small intestine, spleen, appendix, urinary bladder
Cranial (cephalic0
The head
Superior
Top
Inferior
Bottom
Proximal
Toward an attached base (Elbow is PROXIMAL to the wrist)
Distal
Away from an attached base (Elbow is DISTAL to my shoulder)
Lateral
Away from the body's longitudinal axis; away from the midsagittal plane
Medial
Toward the body's longitudinal axis; toward the midsagittal plane
Caudel
The tail
Sagittal
Parallel to long axis (Divides body into left & right)
Transverse (horizontal)
Perpendicular to long axis (divides body into top and bottom)
Parasagittal
Specifically UNEQUAL
Midsagittal
Specifically EQUAL
Body Cavities
Internal chambers (not actually empty space, but instead potential cavities & packed with vescera).
Performs 2 functions - 1) Protect & cushion delicate organs (heart) (fist in a balloon, area between hand and balloon is viscera) 2) Permit change in size &/or shape of internal organs (lungs, urinary bladder can expand & contrast as needed within the body cavity)
Dorsal Body Cavity (Back)
Dorsal Body Cavity
*Cranial Cavity - houses and protects the brain
*Vertebral (spinal) Cavity - houses & protects the spinal column
Ventral Body Cavity (front)(AKA coelom)
Appears early on in embryological development, gradually/eventually subdivided by the diaphragm into: *Abdominopelvic cavity (inferior) - enclosed by the abdominal wall & bones & muscle of pelvis
*Thoracic cavity (superior) - bounded by the chest wall
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Subdivided into:
Abdominal Cavity (superior) extends from diaphragm to superior margins of pelvis
*Contains most of viscera (internal organs):liver, stomach, spleen, small intestine, most of large intestine, superior portion of peritoneal cavity
*Retroperitoneal organs: kidneys, pancreas
Pelvic Cavity (inferior) formed by bones of pelvis
*sometimes referred to as "pelvic bowl"
*contains: last portion of large intestine, urinary bladder, reproductive organs, inferior portion of peritoneal cavity
Retroperitoneal
Behind stomach (kidneys, pancreas)
Mediastinum
mass of connective tissue
Pericardial Cavity
Peri means around, cardia means heart
Thoracic Cavity
Subdivided into R&L pleural cavities & the mediastinum (mass of connective tissue)
Mediastinum also contains pericardial cavity, which surrounds the heart
Serous Membranes
*moistened by a watery serous fluid
*Has 2 layers - 1) Visceral layer - covers organs (viscera)
2) Parietal layer - lines cavities
Example of serous membrane include the pleura, pericardium, peritoneum
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