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BIOL 1030 Topic 3: Plant Diversity

Terms in this set (108)

Kingdom Plantae consists of multicellular eukaryotes, with cell walls rich in _____________
cellulose
most plants are photosynthetic with chloroplasts containing chlorophyll ____ and _____ and _______________
a and b and carotenoids
Kingdom Plantae is divided into 2 groups:
1.
2.
1. nonvascular plants and vascular plants
2. seedless vascular plants and vascular plants with seeds
kingdom plantae is related to green algae in that there is _____________ in cell walls, _________ is used as an energy source and a ______ ___________ is formed during division
cellulose; starch; cell plate
plants are distinguished from green algae because the diploid form always begins development within the tissues of a haploid form, and always have ____________________(different) haploid and diploid forms
heteromorphic
traditional land plants together with some green algae apparently form a monophyletic group called _______________
Streptophyta
The Streptophyta together with the rest of the green algae apparently form a monophyletic group, the proposed Kingdom ________________
Viridiplantae
the cell walls of plants help prevent water loss or ______________
desiccation
most plants have a waxy ____________; this is on exposed surfaces , relatively impermeable; it prevents most water loss
cuticle
cuticles create a problem with gas exchange so most plants have ________________ which are pores that can be opened and closed for gas exchange
stomata
plants have __________________ relationships with fungi; this relationship may help some plants with ______ uptake and tremendously help with _________ uptake
mycorrhizal; water; nutrient
___________ ____ _____________ when mitosis is in both haploid and diploid generations
alternation of generations (sporic meiosis)
a _______________ is a multicellular diploid organism that makes spores via meiosis
sporophyte
a _______________ is a multicellular haploid organism that makes gametes via mitosis
gametophyte
plants make ____________, but never mitospores
meiospores
__________________ in sporophyte produces diploid _____________ mother cells
meiosporangia; meiospore (meiosporocytes)
meiosporocytes undergo meiosis to produce 4 _________ meiospores
haploid
meiospores (or spores) divide by mitosis, forming a ______________
gametophyte
gametophyte produces haploid ___________ in special ___________ structures in some plants
gametes; gametangia
____________ are male gametangia that make sperm
antheridium
______________ are female gametangia that make eggs
archegonium
sperm and egg fuse inside archegonium to form a diploid _________
zygote
the zygote grows into a sporophyte; young sporophyte = ________
embryo
in nonvascular plants, the gametophyte is green, ______-_________, and in the ______________ generation
free-living; dominant
in seedless vascular plants the gametophyte is usually green and free-living but the _______________ is in the dominant generation
sporophyte
in vascular seed plants the gametophute is nutritionally dependent on the __________, or may be ________ (deriving energy from nonliving organic matter); the ___________ is the dominant generation
sporophyte; saprobic; sporophyte
______________ plants are plants lacking specialized tubes for conducting water and nutrients (lacking vascular tissue)
nonvascular
are nonvascular plants a grade or clade
grade
the gametophytes in nonvascular plants are _____________ and free-living; they are the __________ ____________
photsynthetic; dominant generation
the sporophytes in nonvascular plants are attached to and dependent on ____________
gametophytes
nonvascular plants are sometimes called _____________
bryophytes
3 phylum within nonvascular plants
1. Phylum Hepatophyta
2. Phylum Bryophyta
3. Phylum Anthocerophyta
Phylum Hepatophyta consists of ___________
liverworts
some liverworts have flattened bodies called __________ with lobes resembling liver
thalli
liverworts are much simpler than mosses; their gametophytes develop almost directly from __________ and gametophyte growth is prostrate(flat) and not ________
spores; erect
in liverworts, rhizoids are ______-celled
one
sexual reproduction of liverworts is similar to that of mosses but there are some small differences:
1. antheridia on stalks called _______________
2. archegonia on stalks called ________________
antheridiophores; archegoniophores
asexual reproduction occurs in the thalloid forms from _________ splashed out of __________ ________ on "leaves"
gemmae; gemma cups
Phylum Bryophyta consists of ___________ which has small "leaves" arranged spirally or alternately around a stem-like axis
mosses
mosses are anchored to a substrate with root-like ___________
rhizoids
in mosses, most water travels up outside of the plant by _____________ ________
capillary action
during sexual reproduction for mosses, the zygote undergoes mitotic divisions and develops into a ____________
sporophyte
moss have a slender stalk with a swollen __________ or ____________ at tip
capsule; sporangium
during sexual reproduction for mosses, the sporophyte is dependent on the gametophyte for ______________
nutrients
spore mother cells in sporangium produce __________ _______
haploid spores
at maturity, the outer covering of the sporangium pops off, releasing _________
spores
spores in right (mainly damp) environments grow into ________________
protonemata
buds from a protonema become new ________________ plants
gametophyte
moss are the most abundant plants in _________ and ___________
Arctic and Antarctic
peat mosses, also known as ______________, are found in peat bogs, which are wetlands with very acidic, soils
Sphagnum
peat is used as a _______ conditioner or potting mix for good water-holding capacity; it can also be used as _______
soil; fuel
slow decomposition in peat bogs make them excellent __________________ _______; bodies and artifacts buried in bogs are often well-preserved
archeological sites
Phylum Anthocerophyta consists of ____________
hornworts
hornworts have _________ ____________ that look much like thalloid liverworts
thalloid gametophytes
the cells of hornworts typically have a ______ ____________
single chloroplast
in hornworts, the sporophyte is ____________ _____________ from the gametophyte
partially independent
closest relatives or hornworts are the _______________ plants
vascular
vascular plants have ________ and ________
xylem and phloem
there are _____ to _____ living phyla within vascular plants
7; 9
vascular plants are able to dominate most terrestrial habitats because of vascular __________, waxy ________, and _________
tissues; cuticle; stomata
conducting tissues, xylem and phloem, called _____________ __________ are cylindrical or elongated cells that form network throughout the plant
vascular tissues
________ is a vascular tissue that conducts water and dissolved minerals upward; typically dead cells
xylem
xylem are typically at least partially ____________ (having _______, a highly branched polymer that makes cell walls more rigid)
lignified; lignin
_________ is a vascular tissue that transports carbohydrates in solution throughout the plant (down and up); typically living cells
phloem
vascular tissue is usually only found in the ___________ generation
sporophyte
________ (when present) are highly resistant structures that increase ability of developing embryos to survive on land
seeds
Seedless vascular plants consists of ________ and ________ allies; are seedless vascular plants a grade or clade?
ferns; fern; seedless vascular plants are a grade
seedless vascular plants are _____________ dominant and can grow independent of _______________ in all
sporophyte; gametophyte
_____________ small and reduced but still able to grow independent of ____________ in all
gametophyte; sporophyte
seedless vascular plants dominated the land during what period
Carboniferous
_______ is an incompletely decomposed, highly compressed, carbon-rich rock derived mainly from the bodies of ancient seedless vascular plants (a type of "fossil fuel")
coal
there are atleast ____ extinct phyla represented in the fossil record of seedless vascular plants; we will cover Phylum ____________
3; Rhyniophyta
name the 4 phyla of seedless vascular plants
1. Phlyum Lycophyta
2. Phylum Pterophyta
3. Phylum Psilophyta
4 Phylum Arthrophyta
extinct phylum _____________ consists of the oldest vascular plants fossils; it has no leaves or roots
Rhyniophyta
Phylum Rhyniophyta is ___________ meaning it only has one spore type, so only one gametophyte type
homosporous
Phylum Lycophyta consists of ______ ____________
club mosses
the leaves of club mosses are called _________, with very little vascular tissue (just a single vein); other vascular plant leaves have much more complex vascular tissue networks
microphylls
_____________ is a plant that makes 2 types of meiospores, resulting in 2 types of gametophytes
heterosporous
a _____________ is the larger of the 2; grows via mitosis into the female gametophyte
megaspore
a ______________ is the smaller of the 2; grows via mitosis into the male gametophyte
microspore
in club mosses, sporangia grow from specialized leaves called ______________; they are clustered in a cone-like __________
sporophylls; strobilus
Phylum Pterophyta consists of ________
ferns
most ferns are ____________ but some are heterosporous
homosporous
the life cycle of ferns is similar to moss except decreased ____________, and independent and dominant ___________
gametophyte; sporophyte
germinating spore divides by mitosis and forms multicellular _____________
protonema
protonema grows into a mature gametophyte called ____________
prothallus
the prothallus is typically heart-shaped and mostly one cell thick; it has __________
rhizoids
gametes are produced in the male ___________ and female ____________ on the same or separate prothalli
antheridia; archegonia
the diploid zygote produced undergoes mitotic divisions and develops into a _________________; the ___________ grows out ______________ and takes over
sporophyte; sporophyte; gametophyte
the sporophyte typically has a horizontal, underground stem called a __________
rhizome
leaves, called __________, develop from rhizomes as coiled "fiddleheads"
fronds
there are form stalked _________ in clusters called sori, typically on the back of fronds
sporangia
spore mother cells in sporangium produce ___________ spores
haploid
Phylum Psilophyta consists of _________ _______
whisk ferns
whisk ferns are the simplest living vascular plants; they have no true ________ or _________ and have __________ ________ stems
roots or leaves; forking green
are whisk ferns homosporous or heterosporous
homosporous
there are only ______ known living species in Phylum Psiolophyta (whisk ferns)
6
Phylum Arthrophyta consists of __________; alternative phylum names are ______________ and _____________
horsetails; Sphenophyta and Equisetophyta
there are ______ known living species of horsetails and they are all in genus __________
15; Equistem
horsetails are <1m tall, some 3 m tall; they are widely scattered in ________ regions throughout the world
damp
phylum arthrophyta is ___________ dominant
sporophyte
horsetail sporophytes have branching underground __________ with _______ at their nodes
rhizomes; roots
horsetails have hollow, ribbed, __________, ______________ stems
jointed; photosynthetic
they have whorls of scale-like, _________________ leaves at nodes on stems
nonphotsynthetic
horsetails have __________ deposits in some epidermal cells
silica
are horsetails homosporous or heterosporous
homosporous
horsetails have sporangia on underside of stalked structures called ____________
sporangiophores
sporangiophores are clustered in a cone-like ____________ at a stem tip
strobilus
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