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Rubenstein chapter 9 Food and agriculture

Terms in this set (38)

Agribusiness
Commercial agriculture characterized by the integration of different steps and the food processing industry usually through ownership by large corporations
Agricultural revolution
The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals no longer live entirely on hunting and gathering
Agriculture
The deliberate effort to modify a portion of earths surface through the cultivation of crops and raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain
Cereal grain
A grass that yields grain for food
Commercial agriculture
Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm
Crop
Any plant gathered from a field such as a harvest during a particular season
Crop rotation
The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil
Dairy farm
A form of commercial agriculture that specializes in the product of milk and other dairy products
Desertification
Degration of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions such as excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting. Also known as semi arid land degradation.
Dietary energy consumption
The amount of food that an individual consumes, measured in kilo calories.
Double cropping
Harvesting twice a year from the same feild
Fishing
The capture of wild fish and other seafood living in the water
Food security
Physical, social, and economic access at all times to save and nutritious food sufficient to meet dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life
Genetically modified organism GMO
A living organism that possesses a novel combination of genetic material obtained through the use of modern biotechnology
Grain
Seed of a cereal grass
Green revolution
Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high yield seed and fertilizer
Horticulture
The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers.
Intensive subsistence agriculture
A form of subsistence agriculture characteristics of Asia's major population concentrations in which farmers must expand relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land
Milkshed
The area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied
Mixed crop and livestock farming
Commercial farming characterized by integration of crops and livestock; most of my problems are fed and rather than directly violin
No tillage
A farming practices that leaves all of the soil undisturbed in the entire residue pf the previous year's harvest left untouched on the feilds.
Overfishing
Capturing fish faster than they can reproduce
Paddy
The Malay Word for wet rice, increasing used to describe a flooded field.
Pastoral nomadism
A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals.
Plantation
A large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country.
Prime agricultural land
The most productive farmland.
Ranching
A form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area.
Ridge tillage
A system of planting crops on ridgetops in order to reduce farm production costs and promote greater soil conservation.
Sawah
A flooded field for growing rice.
Shifting cultivation
A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period.
Slash-and-burn agriculture
Another name for shifting cultivation, so named because fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation and burning the debris.
Subsistence agriculture
Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer in the farmer's family.
Swidden
A patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning.
Transhumance
The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.
Truck farming
Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named for the middle English word truck, meaning "barter" or "exchange of commodities".
Undernourishment
Dietary energy consumption that is continuously below the minimum requirement for maintaining a healthy life in caring out life physical activity.
Wet rice
Rice planted on dryland in the nursery and then moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth.
Aquaculture/aqufarming
The cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions
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