Upgrade to remove ads
Only $2.99/month

CH. 2

Terms in this set (85)

________ suggests that different species are descended from common ancestors but have evolved over time and have acquired different genetic characteristics as a function of different environmental demands.
Evolution
The process by which certain attributes are more successful in a particular environment and therefore become more represented in future generations is:
Natural selection
Natural selection is the process by which certain attributes are more ________ in a particular environment and therefore become more represented in future generations.
Successful
What is a key ingredient in the evolution of natural selection?
Competition
Mutation is random mistakes occurring in:
DNA replication that causes variations.
In addition to variability, identify another ingredient in the evolution of natural selection
Competition
An attribute that improves an individual's prospects for survival and reproduction is called a(n):
Adaptation
Adaptations are attributes that improve an individual's prospects for _____ and reproduction.
Competition
The process of evolution by natural selection has often been characterized as:
Survival of the fittest
The meaning of "fittest" depends entirely on the natural environment in which the organism:
Resides
A bias toward believing that biological adaptations are inherently good or desirable is known as:
The naturalistic fallacy
The phrase "the way things are is necessarily how they ought to be" BEST explains:
The naturalistic fallacy
Choose the answer that BEST demonstrates the process of natural selection.

A. Natural selection is controlled by Mother Nature.
B. Natural selection has no particular intention or pursuit of goals.
C. Natural selection is carefully planned and executed.
D. Natural selection is both controlled by Mother Nature and carefully planned.
B. Natural selection has no particular intention or pursuit of goals.
What may happen if less useful adaptations are NOT harmful?
They may remain as harmless vestiges of early ancestors.
Attributes that evolved to meet a particular challenge but that are not particularly useful when dealing with other types of challenges are called:
Domain-specific adaptations
Attributes that are useful for dealing with various challenges across different areas of life are called:
domain-general adaptations.
In relation to social psychology, what do human beings need in order to survive?
extensive relationships with other human beings
Recall from your text the area of the brain that functions specifically to recognize human faces.
Fusiform Face Area
What is the MOST important result of symbolic thinking?
It makes language possible.
Human thoughts or actions that occur quickly, often without the aid of conscious awareness, are called ________ processes.
Automatic
Recall from your text the two mental systems that generally operate in a simultaneous manner
experiential system and rational system
Identify a factor that contributes to people being exceptionally intelligent human beings.

A. Verbal skills
B. Nonverbal skills
C. Rational proclivities
D. All answers are correct
D. All answers are correct
Motivation can vary in _____ and _______.
Strength; direction
What are internal states that drive actions necessary to survive or thrive?
Needs
According to Deci and Ryan (2000), basic prerequisites for human well-being include:
competence, relatedness, and autonomy.
What is the motivation to approach pleasure and avoid pain called?
Hedonism
Avoidance motivation involves more ____ hemisphere activity, whereas approach motivation tends to involve primarily ____ hemisphere activity.
Right; left
Research suggests that there are _____ primary emotions.
6
Evidence that people across diverse cultures recognize the same emotional expressions suggests that at least some emotions are:
universally experienced.
The experiential system of thought relies on:
emotions, intuitions, images.
The rational system of thought relies on:
logic, analysis, linguistics.
The rational system involved increased activation in which region of the brain?
Frontal lobe
Although the experiential system and rational system takes place in different regions of the brain, the systems work together in order to produce:
thought and behavior.
Internal states that drive action that is necessary to survive or thrive is called:
Needs
Hedonism is the preference for _____ over _____.
Pleasure; pain
Research suggests that when attempting to understand why people behave the way they do, it is informative to consider which two motivational orientations?
Security; growth
Based on the hierarchy of goals, who has the "highest" goal?

A. Pete, who is planning what he is going to cook for dinner
B. Jim, who is working at his dream job for an organization that helps sick children
C. Steve, who is studying for his biology exam
D. Bob, who is in the process of applying for college
B. Jim, who is working at his dream job for an organization that helps sick
children
Based on the hierarchy of goals, who has the "lowest" goal?

A. Pete, who is planning what he is going to cook for dinner
B. Jim, who is working at his dream job for an organization that helps sick children
C. Bob, who is in the process of applying for college
D. Steve, who is studying for his biology exam
A. Pete, who is planning what he is going to cook for dinner
____ is a set of beliefs, attitudes, values, norms, morals, customs, roles, statuses, symbols, and rituals shared by a self-identified group, a group whose members think of themselves as a group.
Culture
Cultures are perpetuated by which factor(s)?

A. passing from generation to generation
B. change in response to the needs of members
C. All the answers are correct
D. change in response to influences from the environment
C. All the answers are correct
Identify what factor generally remains the same across cultures.
A. Motivations
B. Emotions
C. Cognitive abilities
D. All the answers are correct
D. All the answers are correct
A(n) _____ is an accepted idea about some aspect of reality.
Belief
Another word to describe an attitude is:
Preference
Which values reflect a desire to sustain safety, order, harmony, and connection?
Security; self-direction
Which value involves freedom, choice, excitement, and accomplishment?
Self-direction
Identify which value is ranked the highest across 50 different cultures in terms of level of importance?
A. Self-direction
B. Benevolence
C. Security
D. Conformity
Benevolence
What is a position within a group that entails specific ways of acting and dividing labor, responsibility, and resources?
Social roles
Rajiv hangs an American flag on the flagpole in his yard. Displaying the American flag is an example of:
A cultural symbol
Jamie is Jewish and when he turned 13 years old, he celebrated his bar mitzvah. Jamie's bar mitzvah in an example of:
A ritual
Seth and his proud family attended the commencement ceremony when Seth graduated from college. College commencement is an example of:
A ritual
Cultural _____ are central aspects of a culture's ______.
Symbols; rituals
The process whereby cultures develop and propagate according to systems of belief or behavior that contribute to the success of a society is referred to as cultural:
Evolution
The transfer of inventions, knowledge, and ideas from one culture to another is called cultural:
Diffusion
The process whereby members of a culture learn explicitly or implicitly to imitate the beliefs and behaviors of others in that culture is referred to as cultural:
Transmission
Culture is a set of ________ and social elements shared by members of a group and passed from generation to generation.
Psychological
How a culture adapts to its physical surroundings has an influence on:
perceptions; thought processes.
In addition to affect the development of cognitive skills, culture affects the susceptibility to tricks of _______ perception.
Visual
What factor is valued in a collectivistic culture?

A. Interdependence
B. Cooperation
C. Welfare of the group
D. All the answers are correct
D. All the answers are correct
Ryan lives in a culture that emphasizes equality matching, initiative, and achievement. Ryan MOST likely lives in what country?

A. Pakistan
B. Japan
C. Australia
D. Korea
C. Australia
Jerry lives in a culture where she is expected to fit in with the group, obey authority figures, and be sensitive to how her actions affect others within the group. Jerry MOST likely lives in what country?

A. The United States
B. England
C. Pakistan
D. Canada
C. Pakistan
Achievement, creativity, and initiative are valued in which type of culture?
Individualistic
What type of culture is one MOST likely from who exhibits a more interdependent self-construal?
Collectivistic
What type of culture is one MOST likely from who exhibits a more independent self-construal?
Individualistic
Terror management theory is the idea that humans are aware of _____ and have shaped culture in ways to manage this terror.
Mortality
Human-constructed shared symbolic conceptions of reality is called:
A cultural world-view
All cultural worldviews include all but which of the following?
A. a theory of reality that provides answers to basic questions about life, death, the cosmos, and one's place in it
B. a standard of rules that tells people how they should behave and what they should think
C. institutions, symbols, and rituals that reinforce components of that worldview
D. a set of standards of values that prescribe what is good and bad, and what it means to be a good human being
B. a standard of rules that tells people how they should behave and what they should think
Living up to cultural standards of values provides a sense of:
Self-esteem
The notion of a just world belief suggests that good things will happen to the ______ and bad things will happen to the ________.
Worthy; unworthy
_____ immortality is the sense that, by being part of something greater and more enduring than one's individual self, some part of the self will live on after the body dies.
Symbolic
A culturally shared belief that there is some form of life after death for those who are worthy is called:
Literal immortality
Identify the domains of cultural adaptation that simultaneously influence, are influenced by, and adapt to the other domains.
A. Physical environment
B. Social environment
C. Metaphysical environment
D. All the answers are correct
D. All the answers are correct
Which idiom BEST reflects how people in cultures sometimes adapt and see the world in order to understand reality?
A. Through rose colored glasses
B. Blessing in disguise
C. Every cloud has a silver lining
D. Add insult to injury
A. Through rose colored glasses
What is cultural trauma?
Tragic historical examples of cultural disruptions
Which cultural group experienced cultural trauma?
A. the inhabitants of Bikini Island
B. children displaced by war
C. indigenous tribal cultures across the world
D. all the answers are correct
D. all the answers are correct
The inhabitants of Bikini Island, indigenous tribal cultures across the world, and children displaced by war are all examples of:
cultural trauma
The process whereby individuals adapt their behavior in response to exposure to a new culture is referred to as:
Acculturation
When people gradually shift almost entirely from their traditional culture to the beliefs and ways of the new culture, they are going through which process?
Assimilation
What is the term for the process when immigrants retain aspects of their former culture while also adapting to the new culture?
Integration
The term bicultural is utilized for immigrants who have achieved:
Integration
Santiago moved from Venezuela to the United States several years ago. Santiago incorporates many of his traditions from his homeland of Venezuela, but also has grown accustomed to the U.S. culture. What has Santiago achieved?
Integration
Lee moved from Japan to the United States several years ago. Lee has gradually shifted almost entirely from his former culture to the beliefs and culture in the United States. What is the process through which Lee has gone?
Assimilation
According to research, people who have achieved ______ can think and act like members of either culture, depending on which culture's language they are using or which culture's symbols are prominent in their mind.
Integration
The viewpoint that assumes that all people will converge toward the mainstream culture is called:
Melting pot
Another term for multiculturalism is:
Cultural pluralism
From a historical perspective, American culture was characterized by which orientation?
Melting pot
THIS SET IS OFTEN IN FOLDERS WITH...