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CH. 3

Terms in this set (77)

The notion that people construct an understanding of reality is the underpinning of which psychological theoretical orientation?
Gestalt
Identify which psychological theory is BEST depicted by the following statement: "The whole is more than the sum of its parts."
Psychoanalytic
Cognitive-behavioral
Gestalt
Existential
Gestalt
What is a major challenge faced in making sense of the social world?
The quantity of information
The theory of lay epistemology is influenced by ___ motives.
3
Identify which motive in the theory of lay epistemology refers to the motivation to achieve a correct and truthful understanding of a given person, idea, or event.
the need for accurate knowledge
The need for _________ refers to the motivation to achieve a correct, truthful, understanding of a given person, idea, or event.
Accurate knowledge
Identify which motive in the theory of lay epistemology refers to the notion that closure is reached when we stop the thought process and grab the first handy judgment, or decision, quickly and without extensive effort.
the need for nonspecific closure
Identify which motive in the theory of lay epistemology refers to the notion of reaching a conclusion that fits well with the specific beliefs and attitudes that one already prefers.
the need for specific closure
Lisa read Fifty Shades of Grey and thought it was the best book ever written. When she saw that the book was on the bestseller list, she stated, "Just as I thought, it's the best book ever." Which motive is Lisa utilizing?
the need for specific closure
Basic motives influence thinking about the _____ world.
Social
Social cognition is governed by which system(s) of thinking?
both the cognitive and experiential systems
_______ cognition is governed by the cognitive and experiential systems of thinking.
Social
A conscious, rational, and controlled system of thinking is the ________ system.
Cognitive
An unconscious, intuitive, and automatic system of thinking is referred to as the ________ system
Experiential
A(n) ______, ______, and controlled system of thinking is the cognitive system
conscious; rational
A(n) ______, ______, and automatic system of thinking is the experiential system
unconscious; intuitive
Facilitated communication is a technique that supposedly allows individuals with severe ____ to spell out their internal thoughts with an assistant.
Autism
Research has found that thoughts being typed out in facilitated communication were actually those of the:
Facilitator
Which organization denounced the validity of facilitated communication?
American Psychological Association
Theories that are used to explain a wide range of phenomena by positing two ways of processing information are called:
dual process theories.
Dual process theories are used to explain a wide range of phenomena by positing ____ ways of processing information.
Two
Which system(s) of organizing information use(s) rules to fit ideas into logical patterns?
the cognitive system
Which system(s) of organizing information is guided by automatic associations between stimuli, concepts, and behaviors that have been repeatedly associated through
our personal life history of learning?
the experiential system
Mental shortcuts, or rules of thumb, that are used for making judgments and decisions are called:
Heuristics
An automatic association based on previous learning through the experiential system is called an:
Implicit attitude
Attitudes people are consciously aware of through the cognitive system are called:
explicit attitudes.
Which of the following conditions is not one that must be met in order for the cognitive system to successfully override the experiential system?
Unawareness
What is the definition of the somatic marker hypothesis?
The idea that there are certain somatic changes that people experience as emotion.
Based on the notion of the smart unconscious, what motivation influences judgment and behavior?
accurate knowledge; clear knowledge; preferred knowledge
Recent research suggests that _____, intuitive processes can steer people toward making best decisions in automatic ways.
Unconscious
Making informed medical decisions relies strongly on which processing system?
Conscious
When making an important medical decision, Markus took into account information provided to him by his physician; however, he also relied on his intuitive system. According to research, choose the BEST answer.
A. Markus should rely entirely on his intuition.
B. Markus was unwise to rely on his intuition. He should only focus on the facts.
C. Markus should ask his doctor more questions.
D. Markus can benefit from input from his intuition, while also taking logical information into account.
D. Markus can benefit from input from his intuition, while also taking logical information into account.
The cognitive system is to rational as the experiential system is to:
Intuitive
______ are like mental "containers" in which people place things that are similar.
Categories
A(n) ______ is a mental structure, stored in memory, that is based on prior knowledge.
Schema
A(n) _______ is a schema about an event that specifies the typical sequence of actions that take place.
Script
A schema that people have about themselves is called:
A self-concept
Choose the BEST example of how people learn about the social world in an indirect manner.
From teachers
Via books
From parents
All of these are correct
All of these are correct
What do television and movies provide for most children in industrialized nations?
Schemas
All of these are correct
Categories
Stereotypes
All of these are correct
Rumors and gossip are considered common sources of knowledge contained in our:
Schemas
Transmitting information can result in biases due to the following factor(s).
Both sharpening and leveling
The ease with which people can bring an idea into consciousness and use it in thinking is referred to as:
Accessibility
The aspect of a schema that is active in one's mind and, consciously or not, colors perceptions and behavior is:
Salience
The process by which exposure to a stimulus in the environment increases the salience of a schema is called:
Priming
Models for how pieces of information are linked together and stored in memory are called:
Associative networks
_____ occur(s) when something in the environment activates an idea that increases the salience of the schema.
Priming
The words mother, doctor and father, lawyer are examples of:
Semantic associations
Mental links between two concepts that are experienced close together in time or space are called:
experiential associations.
What is a schema that is easily brought to mind because it is personally important and frequently used?
chronically accessible schemas
__________ ______ do not lead people to automatically do whatever they are told to do.
Subliminal primes
What is the term used when priming a schema changes a person's thinking in the opposite direction of the primed idea?
Contrast effects
What factor contributes to the emergence of a contrast effect?
when people are aware of the primed information
when people are aware that the primed information might affect their subsequent judgments
when the primed information is extreme
What is a confirmation bias?
Once we have a schema, we tend to view new information as a way to confirm what we already believe.
Identify which concept provides people with a sense of psychological security.
Confirmation bias
Identify how confirmation bias can lead people to inaccurate interpretations of new information.
Schemas both guide people to look for certain kind of information while ignoring other information and lead people to interpret ambiguous information in a schema-confirming manner.
What is it called when people's initial false expectations cause the fulfillment of those expectations?
Self-fulfilling prophecy
According to research on the self-fulfilling prophecy, teachers' positive expectations for their students can shape how well the students:
Perform
A cognitive tool that allows people to understand an abstract concept in terms of a dissimilar, concrete concept is called a/an
Metaphor
Bethany was feeling very sad, overwhelmed, and stressed. Bethany told her boyfriend that she felt like she was "drowning in the sea." What cognitive tool did Bethany use to describe her feelings?
A metaphor
According to research conducted by Cesario and colleagues (2006), when participants had a ____ attitude toward the elderly, they responded to the elderly prime
by walking more slowly; however, when participants had a _____ attitude about the elderly, they walked more quickly.
positive; negative
What can the motive for accuracy lead people to do?
set aside schemas and focus on objective facts
The motive for _____ leads people to set aside schemas and focus on objective facts.
Accuracy
According to the text, inconsistent states of mind can lead to:
an automatic tendency to restore a sense of meaning.
Research indicates that when people watch competitive sports, their interpretation of controversial plays and penalties is often ____ by which team they want to win.
Biased
Peter attends the University of Notre Dame, and his friend Patrick attends Michigan State University. While watching a heated football game together, a penalty is called on a Notre Dame player. Identify what behavior is MOST likely to occur.
A. Peter and Patrick will argue throughout the game.
B. Peter's interpretation of the penalty will be biased.
C. Patrick's interpretation of the penalty will be unbiased.
D. Peter and Patrick will agree on the referee's call.
B. Peter's interpretation of the penalty will be biased.
A(n) ____ is a generalized state of affect that persists longer than the experience of an emotion.
mood
From an evolutionary perspective, being in a ____ mood is a signal that everything is okay, while a ____ mood signals that something is wrong.
positive; negative
From an evolutionary perspective, exploring the environment, expanding hunting territories, and trying unfamiliar foods may have been promoted by a _______ mood.
Positive
From an evolutionary perspective, listening to one's mood may have been useful in which factor(s)?
making decisions and forming judgments
Ken is in a positive mood and attends a party hosted by his fraternity. He meets several new people at the party. Identify Ken's MOST likely response about the new people he met.
"What a great group of people"
An outcome of a negative mood is that it:
tells the person something is wrong.
Based on research documented in your text, participants in negative mood states focused on ____ before making a judgment.
Relevant details
Recall findings from Herbert Bless and colleagues (1990) regarding students in a happy mood.
Students who were in a happy mood processed the essay more heuristically.
Consider findings from a study by Herbert Bless and colleagues (1990) and choose when it is the BEST time to try to change a friend's opinion about an issue when you have a very strong argument.
When he is in a negative mood
Chloe wants to convince her roommate that they should pitch in to buy a television for their room, even though her roommate is concerned it will distract them from their studies. Chloe has developed a strong argument for why she believes they should get a TV. When will be the BEST time to approach her roommate?
When she is in a negative mood
______ play(s) a role in shaping which schemas are activated, as well as when and how those schemas affect behavior and judgment.
Motivation
Motivation plays a role in shaping which schemas are activated, as well as when and how those schemas affect _______ and ______.
Behavior; judgment
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