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CH. 4

Terms in this set (64)

In order to make sense of the world, people count on their ability to _____ events, people, and objects encountered in the past.
Remember
Information and input that is currently activated is called ______ memory.
Short-term
Information from past experience that may or may not be currently activated is called ________ memory.
Long-term
Which term BEST describes information that is represented in short-term memory?
Encoding
What happens to information that is actively rehearsed, goal relevant, or emotionally salient?
It gets consolidated
What happens to information after it has been consolidated in long-term memory?
The information is stored for later retrieval.
Addison was very distracted in class when her teacher provided information about the
upcoming exam. Choose the answer that BEST explains Addison's experience.

A. Addison was able to consolidate the information into long-term memory.
B. Addison failed the test.
C. Addison was not paying the attention needed to encode the information presented by her teacher.
D. Addison was not able to retrieve the information needed to pass the test
C. Addison was not paying the attention needed to encode the information presented by her teacher.
Factors that may cause memory to break down
lack of sensory information to begin with
lack of motivation to consolidate information into long-term memory
lack of attention needed to encode sensory information
Elyse stored a significant amount of information in her memory when studying for the SAT. When it was time for Elyse to sit for the SAT, she experienced an inability to remember the information needed, even though she encoded and consolidated the information. Choose
what BEST explains Elyse's memory breakdown.
Elyse was having problems with her retrieval
A tool MOST likely to be involved in memory reconstruction
Schemas
what factor(s) can make it easier to remember information?
both schema-consistent and schema-inconsistent information
When cues that are given after an event create false information into memory, it is called
the misinformation effect.
The tendency to assume that information that comes easily to mind is more frequent or common is called:
the availability heuristic
______ has the power to distort judgments
The availability heuristic
___________ refers to how people judge how frequently an event occurs based on how easily they can retrieve a certain number of instances of that event.
The ease of retrieval effect
Identify which factor is involved when judgment is less reliant on an ease of retrieval effect.
greater ability to store information
What key factor is involved with memory functioning?
Encoding & Consolidating
Heider proposed that people organize their perceptions of action in the social world in terms of _____ and _____.
Cause; effect
The explanations that people use to determine what and why a particular event or behavior occurred are called:
Causal attributions
Attribution of behavior to either an internal aspect of the actor or to some external factor of the situation is called:
locus of causality.
What basic dimension(s) cause observed causal attributions to vary?
Both locus of causality and stability
According to Dweck (1975), what causal attribution was found to be MOST productive for poor performance?
Internal, unstable factors
The tendency to attribute an attitude, desire, or trait to the actor that corresponds to the action is called the:
Correspondent inference
The tendency to attribute behavior to internal or dispositional qualities of the actor and consequently underestimate the causal role of situational factors is called the:
fundamental attribution error
Melinda saw a soap opera actor on the streets of New York City. The actor played an evil character, and Melinda viewed the actor with judgment and contempt. What attribute BEST explains Melinda's behavior?
The fundamental attribution error
According to the ___________, people are more likely to make internal attributions for the behavior of others and external attributions for our own behaviors.
Actor-observer effect
Identify which statements BEST reflect examples of the actor-observer effect.

A. "I won the game because of pure luck; I lost the playoffs because the referee was an idiot."
B. "I won the game because of pure luck; I lost the playoffs because my team didn't work hard enough."
C. "I won the game because I have a great team; I lost the playoffs because I didn't practice hard enough."
D. "I won the game because I practiced really hard; I lost the playoffs because the referee was an idiot."
D. "I won the game because I practiced really hard; I lost the playoffs because the referee was an idiot."
The tendency to see a causal relationship between an event and an outcome when they happen at the same time is called the:
Covariation principle
According to Harold Kelly, what source of information is involved for arriving at a causal attribution when accuracy is important?
Consensus
Consistency
Distinctiveness
The tendency to reduce the importance of any potential cause of another's behavior to the extent that other potential causes exist is called:
The discounting principle
The tendency to believe that simply having thoughts about an event before it occurs can influence that event is called
Magical Thinking
Charlie believes that he has control over his ability to win the lottery. This is an example of:
Magical thinking
A region in the temporal lobe of the brain that helps us to recognize people we know is called:
The fusiform face area
The inability to recognize familiar faces is called:
Prosopagnosia
Research suggests that the fusiform face area is impaired in people with which diagnosis?
Autism
Which personality trait(s) can be accurately perceived based solely on seeing a person's office space or bedroom?
both conscientiousness and openness to new experiences
A set of ideas about other people's thoughts, desires, feelings, and intentions, given what we know about them and the situation they are in, is called:
Theory of mind
At what age do most children develop a theory of mind?
4 years of age
Stacey's husband came home from work with pursed lips, clenched fists, and a low and tight voice. Stacey presumes that her husband is angry about something that occurred at
work. Identify what Stacey is utilizing to come to such a conclusion.
Theory of mind
Neurons that are activated both when one performs an action oneself and when one simply
observes another person perform that action are called____ neurons.
Mirror
A process whereby we activate schemas of a person we know and use the schemas to form an impression of someone new is called:
Transference
Transference is a complex process based on tenets from which theory?
Psychoanalytic
A general tendency to assume that other people share our own attitudes, opinions, and preferences is called:
False consensus
It is more likely that one would assume a false consensus among members of _______ than with members of _______.
in-groups; out-groups
The tendency of social perceivers' assessments of an individual on a given trait to be biased by the perceivers' more general impression of the individual is called:
The halo effect
The tendency to overestimate the likelihood that a target is part of a larger category if it has features that seem symbolic of that category is called:
The representativeness heuristic
The primacy effect is the idea that what we learn ____ colors how we judge subsequent information.
Early on
Teresa's new math teacher initially presented himself as challenging, strict, and unapproachable. During the second week of class, her teacher presented himself as more relaxed, kind, and flexible. Despite this, Teresa was intimidated by her teacher and did not approach him to ask questions she had about the assignment. Teresa's reaction is BEST described based on:
The primary effect
The capacity to ________ is one of the most remarkable properties of the mind afforded by the evolution of the human neocortex.
Fantasize
What does every recall of an event from the past involve?
Imagination
What is the BEST description of a counterfactual?
alternatives that run counter to what actually happened
Counterfactuals often affect people without ______ awareness.
Conscious
Negative outcomes resulting from unusual actions or actions that were almost avoided are easier to undo mentally and therefore arouse ________ negative emotional reactions.
Stronger
Imagined better alternative outcomes to something that actually happened are called:
Upward counterfactuals
What is the MOST likely outcome of an easily generated upward counterfactual?
the worse the negative outcome that actually occurred seems
Upward counterfactuals generally make people feel ____ about what actually happened.
worse
In what domain of life has research suggested that people most commonly regret their inaction?
Love life
The following statement represents which counterfactual: "If only I had studied a little harder, I could have gotten a 4.0"
Upward counterfactual
Downward counterfactuals allow people to feel ____ about what happened.
Better
Angie was visiting her aunt in the hospital who had recently had surgery to remove cancer from her liver. Angie said to her aunt, "You were lucky they got it early and that it hadn't
spread to your lymph nodes." Angie is using what type of counterfactual?
Downward
Downward counterfactuals put a _____ spin on outcomes in order for people to feel _______.
Positive; better
Kylie came in third place in the county diving competition, while Tessa came in second place. Based on research of counterfactuals, choose the BEST response.
A. Tessa and Kylie will be equally happy.
B. Tessa will be happier than Kylie.
C. Kylie will be depressed.
D. Tessa will be less happy than Kylie.
D. Tessa will be less happy than Kylie.
Research on the 1995 Barcelona Summer Olympics suggested that _____-medal winners were more likely to focus on the downward counterfactual.
Bronze
The following statement represents which counterfactual: "If I had not studied that last chapter, I would not have made the Dean's list"?
Downward
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