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Developmental Psychology (Mod. 49-52)

Terms in this set (34)

How do males and females differ biologically?
females have 70% more body fat
females have 40% less muscle
females are apprx 5 inches shorter
females start puberty 2 years before men
females, on average, live 5 years longer
Women are more likely...
diagnosed with depression and anxiety
can smell fainter orders
express emotions more freely
can become sexually re-aroused soon after orgasm
Men are (4x) more likely...
to commit suicide
develop alcohol use disorder
more likely to be diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit disorder
more likely to be diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder
Gender Role
a set of expected behaviors for males and females; they vary over time and place, etc.
Social Learning Theory
the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished
ex: "Big boys don't cry, Alex"
Transgender
an umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex
What does "enriched environment" entail?
What beneficial neurologically about children living in enriched environments?
reading, music, sports, etc.
a child living in an enriched environment activates preserved connections
Parents influence what areas of their children lives...
Manners, political and religious views
Peer Influence:
accents (and slang) reflect culture, and children get their culture from their peers
selection effect: kids seek out peers with similar attitudes and interests (ex: those who smoke may select as friends those who also smoke)
Puberty
the period of sexual maturation
when a person becomes capable of reproduction
Primary sex characteristics
body structures that make sexual reproduction possible
ovaries- females
testes- males
external gentitalia
Secondary sex characteristics
non-reproductive sexual characteristics
breasts and hips- females
voice quality and body hair- males
Mental changes at puberty
selective priming of unused neurons and connections occur
(what we don't use, we lose)
growth of myelin sheath in frontal lobe of brain increases neurotransmission
enables better communication with other brain regions; judgment, impulse control, and long-term planning
maturation lags the emotional limbic system
Kohlberg's first level of moral thinking
Pre conventional morality (before age 9):
Focus: Self interest; obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete awards
Kohlberg's second level of moral thinking
Conventional morality (early adolescence)
Focus: uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order
Kohlberg's third level of moral thinking
Post conventional morality (adolescence and beyond)
Focus: Actions reflect belief in basic rights and self defined ethical principles
Social Identity
the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: Infancy
To year 1
Trust vs. Mistrust
if needs are dependably met, infants develop sense of BASIC TRUST
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: Toddlerhood
From year 1 to year 3
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
Toddlers learn to exercise their will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: Preschool
From year 3 to year 6
Initiative vs. guilt
Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about their efforts to be independent
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: Elementary School
From year 6 to puberty
Competence vs. Inferiority
Children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: Adolescence
From teen years into twenties
identity vs. role confusion
Teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: Young Adulthood
From twenties to early forties
intimacy vs. Isolation
young adults struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: Middle Adulthood
From forties to sixties
Generativity vs. stagnation
in middle age, people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work , or they may feel a lack of purpose
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: Late Adulthood
From late sixties and beyond
Integrity vs. despair
Reflecting on his or her life, an older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure
how do parents and peers influence adolescents?
Positive parent-teen relations and positive peer relations often go hand in hand. High school girls who have the most affectionate relationships with their mothers tend to also enjoy the most intimate friendships with friends
Teens who feel close to their parents tend to be healthy and happy and to do well in school
Adolescence is typically a time of diminishing parental influence and growing peer influence
Transition form adolescence to adulthood is now_____ b/c ______
taking longer
due to increased schooling, later independence and earlier sexual maturity
Who determines the sex of the baby
The male (XY)
Who has testosterone?
both men (large amount) and women (small amount)
Intersex
intersex individuals are born with intermediate or unusual combinations of male and female physical features
research suggests that sex-reassignment surgery can be problematic
Teen pregnancy factors:
environmental factors
minimal communications about birth control
guild related to sexual activity
alcohol use
mass media norms of unprotected promiscuity
Factors that predicted sexual restraint:
high intelligence
religious engagement
father presence
participation in service learning programs
Sexual orientation
homosexual (attraction to same sex)
heterosexual (attraction to opposite sex)
bisexual (attraction to both sexual)
Biology and sexual orientation
evidence has shown that there is homosexuality in other species
LeVay found differences in the size of the hypothalamus cell cluster between straight men and women and homosexual males
identical twins are somewhat more likely that fraternal twins to share a sexual orientation
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