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isys

Terms in this set (93)

data sources
external & internal
porter's 5 forces model
- buyer power
- supplier power
- threat of substitute products or services
- threat of new entrants
- rivalry among existing competitors
porter strategies
- overall cost leadership
- differentiation
- focus
information literacy
understanding the role of information in generating & using business intelligence
___________ gives users subtotals of various categories
summary data
managers could use a ___________ to assess the effect on final product cost of a nine percent increase of total products
manufacturing information systems
online brokerage firms operate in highly combative & ambitious environment, so they use information technologies to make their services more unique in order to combat ______________
rivalry among existing competitors
____________ has created decency concerns, because these emails often contain explicit language or nudity
spamming
computer literacy
skill in using productivity software, such as word processors, spreadsheets, database management systems, etc., as well as having a basic knowledge of hardware & software, internet, etc.
business intelligence
provides historical, current & predictive view of business operations & environments & gives organization competitive advantage in the workplace
transaction processing systems
focus on data collection & processing; major reason to use them in cost reduction
management information systems
an organized integration of hardware & software technologies, data processes, & human elements designed to produce timely, integrated, relevant, accurate, & useful info for decision making purposes
data
consists of raw facts & is a component of an information system
database
a collection of all relevant data organized in a series of integrated files
process
the component of an information system that generates the most useful type of information for decision making, including transaction processing reports & models for decision analysis
information
consists of facts that have been analyzed by the process competent & is an output of an information system
information technologies
support information systems & use the internet computer networks, database systems, POS systems, & radio-frequency-identifaction tags
computer
a machine that accepts data as input, process data without human intervention by using stored instructions & outputs information
central processing unit
the heart of a computer. it's divided into two components: the arithmetic logic unit & the control unit
arithmetic logic unit
performs arithmetic operations as well as comparison or relational operations; the latter are used to compare numbers
control unit
tells the computer what to do, such as interacting the computer which device to read or send output
bus
a link between devices connected to the computer. it can be parallel or serial, internal or external
disk drive
a peripheral device for recording, storing & retrieving data
CPU case
also known as a computer chassis or tower. it's the enclosure containing the computer's main components
motherboard
the main circuit board containing connectors for attaching additional boards. it usually contains the CPU, basic input/output system, memory storage, interfaces, serial and parallel ports, expansion slots & all the controllers for standard peripheral devices, such as the display monitor, disk drive, & keyboarded
inout devices
send data & information to the computer ex. keyboard & mouse
output device
capable of representing information from a computer. this form of output might be visual, audio, or digital ex. printers, display monitors, & plotters
main memory
stores data & information & is usually volatile; its contents are lost when electrical power is turned off. it plays a major role in computer's performance
secondary memory
nonvolatile, holds data when the computer is off or during the course of a program's operation. it also serves as archival storage
random access memory
volatile memory, in which data can be read from & written to; it's also called read-write memory
cache RAM
resides on the processor. because memory access from main RAM storage takes several clock cycles, cache RAM stores recently accessed memory so the processor isn't waiting for the memory transfer
read-only memory
nonvolatile, data can't be written to ROM
magnetic disk
made of mylar or metal, is used for random access processing. data can be accessed in any order, regardless of its order on the surface
magnetic tape
made of plastic or metal material, resembles a cassette tape & stores data sequentially
optical disks
use laser beams to access & store data
redundant array of independent disks systems
a collection of disk drives used for fault tolerance & improved performance, & is typically found in large networks systems
cloud storage
used for online storage & backup; involves multiple virtual servers that are usually hosed by third parties. customers buy or lease storage space from third parties based on their current or future needs
storage area network
a dedicated high speed network consisting of both hardware & software used to connect & manage shared storage devices, such as disk arrays, tape libraries, & optical storage devices
server
a computer & all the software for managing network resources & offering services to a network
operating system
a set of programs for controlling & managing computer hardware & software. it provides an interface between a computer & the user & increases computer efficiency by helping users share computer resources & by performing repetitive tasks for users
application software
can be commercial software or software developed in house and is used to perform a variety of tasks on a personal computer
machine language
the first generation of computer languages, consists of a series of 0s and 1s representing data or instructions, it is dependent on the machine, so code written for one type of computer doesn't work on another type
assembly language
the second germination of computer languages, is a higher level language than machine language but is also machine dependent, it uses a series of short codes or mnemonics to represent data or instructions
high level languages
machine independent & part of the third generation of computer languages. many languages are available & each is designed for a specific purpose
fourth generation languages
use macro codes that can take the place of several lines of programming. the commands are powerful & easy to learn, even for people with little computer training
fifth germination languages
use some of the artificial intelligence technologies, such as knowledge based systems, natural language processing, visual programming, & a graphical approach to programming. these languages are designed to facilitate natural conversations between you & the computer
database
collection of related data that is stored in a central location or multiple locations
data hierarchy
the structure & organization of data, which involved fields, records & files
database management system
software fir creating, storing, maintaining, & accessing database files. a DBMS makes using database more efficient
sequential access file structure
records in files are organized & processed in numerical or sequential order, typically the order in which they were entered
random access file structure
records can be accessed in any order, regardless of their physical locations in storage media. this method of access is fast & very effective when a small number of records need to be processed daily or weekly
indexed sequential access method
records can be accessed sequentially or randomly, depending on the number being accessed. for a small number, random access is used, & for a large number, sequential access is used
physical view
involved how data is stored on & retrieved from storage media, such as hard disks, magnetic tapes, or CDs
logical view
involves how information appears to users & how it can be organized & retrieved
data model
determines how data is created, represented, organized, & maintained. it usually contains data structure, operations, & integrity rules
hierarchical model
the relationships between records form a treelike structure. records are called nodes, & relationships between records are called branches. the node at the top is called the root, & every other node has a parent. nodes with the same parents are called twins or siblings
network model
similar to the hierarchal model, but records are organized differently. unlike the hierarchical model, each records in the network model can have multiple parent & child records
relational model
uses a two dimensional table of rows & column of data. rows are records and columns are fields
data dictionary
stores definitions, such as data types, & validation rules for data in each field
primary key
uniquely identifies every record in a relational data base ex. student id numbers
foreign key
a field in a relational table that matched the primary key column of another table. it can be used to cross reference tables
normalization
improves database efficiency by eliminating redundant data & ensuring that only related data is stored in a table
structured query language
a standard query language used by many DBMS packages that consists of several keywords specifying actions to take
query by example
you request data from a database by contracting a statement made up of query forms. with current graphical databases, you simply click to select query forms instead of having to remember keywords, as you do with SQL. yo can add and, or & but operations to the form to fine tune the query
create, read, update, and delete
refers to the range of functions that data administrators determine who has permission to perform certain functions
database administrators
found in large organizations, design & set up databases, establish security measures, develop recovery procedures, evaluate database performance & add & fine tune database functions
data driven web site
acts as an interface to a database, re trimming data for suers & allowing users to enter data in the database
distributed database management system
stores data on multiple server throughout an organization
fragment
approach to a distributed DBMS addresses how tables are divided among multiple location. there are three variations: horizontal, vertical, & mixed
replication
approach to a distributed DBMS has each site store a copy of the data in the organization's database
allocation
approach to a distributed DBMS combines fragmentation & replication, with each site storing the data it uses most often
object oriented databases
both data & their relationships are contained in a single object. an object consists of attributes & methods that can be performed on the object's data
encapsulation
refers to the grouping into a class of various objects along with their attribute & methods meaning, grouping related items into a single unit. this helps handle more complex types of data, such as images & graphs
inherence
refers to new objects being creates faster & more easily by entering new data in attributes
data warehouse
a collection of data from a variety of sources used to support decision making applications & generated business intelligence
extraction, transformation, and loading
refers to the process used in data warehouse. it included extracting data from outside sources, transforming it to fit operational needs, & loading it into the end target
online transaction processing
used to facilitate & manage transaction oriented application, such as point of scale, data entry, & retrieval transaction processing. it generally uses internal data & responds in real time
online analytical processing
generates business intelligence. it uses multiple sources of information & provides multidimensional analysis, such as viewing data based on time, product & location
data mining analysis
used to discover patterns & relationships
data mart
usually a smaller version of a data warehouse, used by a single department or function
business analytics
uses data & statistical methods to gain insight into the data & provide decision markers with information they can act on
big data
data so voluminous that conventional computing methods aren't able to efficiently process & manage it
acceptable use policy
a set of rules specifying the legal & ethical use of a system & the consequences of noncompliance
accountability
refers to the issues involving both the user's & the organization's responsibilities & liabilities
nonrepudiation
a method for binding all the parties to a contract
spam
an unsolicited email sent for advertising purposes
cookies
small text files with unique ID tags that are embedded in a web browser & saved on the user's hard drive
log files
generate by web server software, record a user's actions on a web site
intellectual property
a legal umbral covering protections that involve copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets, & patents for "creations of the mind" developed by people or businesses
cybersquatting
registering, selling, or using a domain name to profit from someone else's trademark
digital divide
created by information technology & the internet. computers still aren't affordable for many people. the digital divide has implications for education
virtual organizations
networks of independent companies, suppliers, customers, & manufactures connected via information technologies so they can share skills & costs & have access to each other's markets
green computing
involves the design, manufacture, use and disposal of computers, servers, & computing devices in such a way that there's minimal impact on the environment
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