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Sociology, Ch. 9, Cities and Communities

Terms in this set (50)

urban area
having a population density of at least 1,000 people
metropolitan regions
a continuously populated region with several jurisdictions (large city surrounded by several smaller towns) that are all physically connected to one another.
rural
areas that are less dense and not adjacent to an urbanized region
urbanization
the growth in the proportion of the population living in cities and urban areas.
conurbs
continuous urban regions extending across city and suburban political boundaries.
megacities
cities with populations of over 10 million people
ex.mexico city
megaregion
where two or more large cities in geographically proximity are linked together through infrastructure and through economic activity.
suburbs
areas within metropolitan regions but outside the political boundaries of central cities.
white flight
movement of white families out of central cities and into the suburbs, a patterns typically driven by changing demographics of cities experiencing other races.
redlining
the determination by government and banks that neighborhoods with high percentages of racial minorities were ineligible for mortgage loans.
edge city
-self-contained world typically located at the junction of major freeways and transportation systems, and they feature businesses as well as social and cultural activities that used to be primarily located in central cities.
urban ecology
explains how different social groups within cities compete over scarce resources. this competition is thought to promote efficiency and social equilibrium.
growth machine
investors and governments work to increase the size of the city's population and make it attractive for businesses to locate there to enhance the overall level of economic activity occurring within a city.
gentrification
neighborhoods that undergo a process of change where new investment, new people, and new establishments move into and alter the character of the neighborhood.
Social isolation
lack of interpersonal connections and a decline in civic life
community
group of individuals who interact with and often support each other on the basis of a shared aspect of personal identity.
social ties
various types of connections that individuals make with other people, no matter where they live.
social networks
the study of the ties that link people and groups together.
social capital
the resources available to individuals through their relationships and networks
-important for finding jobs and opportunities
urban renewal
resulted in the destruction of entire swaths of poor and working-class neighborhoods in cities across the country and the replacement of these communities with carefully planned areas featuring new commercial space, transportation infrastructure, and high-rise apartments.
Urban ghetto
term used to refer to sections of cities that are characterized by severe racial or ethnic segregation and deep poverty.
great migration
african americans from the rural south to the industrial cities of the northeast and midwest united states
concentration of poverty
when a geographically bounded area experiences extremely high rates of economic disadvantage leading to higher rates of social problems.
segregation
the spatial separation of the population based on race or ethnicity
global neighborhoods
neighborhoods that contain members of several different racial and ethnic groups
segmented assimilation
immigrants and their children follow one of several possible pathways of assimilation.
remittances
money sent from migrant workers to family and friends at home, flows from the US each year
global city
an urban center where the headquarters of transnational firms that create and control the international flow of information and commerce are located.
Jamie recently moved from a very small town to LA. She is enjoying the freedom to express herself because the pressure to conform in her small town was very high. She enjoys being more anonymous in the bigger city. Jamie's experience is best described by which sociologist's view?
Georg Simmel
Which of the following is the best example of Jane Jacob's vision of urban life?
a mixed-use neighborhood that combines businesses and residences with pedestrian and street traffic.
Barry Wellman and others have focused on social ties in their research. What are social ties?
the various types of connections that individuals make with other people.
A high level of cohesion and trust in a neighborhood means neighbors__________
are more effective at enforcing common norms of behavior in public
Sociologist define the term "community" as _________
the degree to which individuals connect with, support, and interact with each other
In light if the data you have seen, what is the most compelling explanation for why Americans work considerably more hours annually than Europeans?
Because wages have broken from their historical relationship with productivity
In 1946, Janet's grandfather, an African American, moved from a rural area in Alabama to Detroit. This example of urbanization is best known as __________
The great Migration
You have been asked to speak to your City Council about the urbanization of poverty and immigrant. Which of the following statements would you share with them?
There is some evidence that immigrants have played an important role in revitalizing some of the most distressed urban neighborhoods across the country by bringing population and businesses to areas that have been in decline for decades.
Which is true when comparing the work of St. Clair Drake and Horace Cayton with the work of William Julius Wilson?
St. Clair Drake and Horace Cayton's work was done prior to the civil rights movement and Wilson's work was after the civil rights movement.
Jose is working as a migrant worker in the US. Every payday he goes to his local grocery store and wires 50% of his paycheck to Mexico to his mother to help her care for his younger siblings. This type of financial assistance is known as_______
Remittances
In 2010, the United Nations estimated that approximately ________ people lived in a nation different from the one in which they were born.
214 million
Which best explains how urban economies transformed during the 1970's?
Manufacturing jobs were replaced with service-sector jobs.
Palermo Soho, a fashionable neighborhood in Buenos Aries, is known as an ___________ where the global elite can shop and eat isolated from the poor and even middle class.
urban glamour zone
Which sector of the U.S. economy has become a much larger source of profits over the last several decades?
Finance, insurance, and real estate
Jose is working as a migrant worker in the US. Every payday he goes to his local grocery store and wires 50% of his paycheck to Mexico to his mother to help her care for his younger siblings. This type of financial assistance is known as_______
...
In 1948, Michael and Janet, an African American couple with two incomes and no children, were trying to build their dream house in the suburbs. They had good income and very good credit; however, the bank turned down the request for a mortgage. According to the textbook, what best describes this situation?
redlining
conurbs are best understood as...
continuous urban regions extending across city and suburban political boundaries
Prior to the affordable care act, what problem hindered the proper functioning of the market for health care insurance?
asymmetrical information
What is the central problem at play both in the market for used cars and health insurance
asymmetrical information
Which example best demonstrates "fortress of exclusion" as explained by Mike Davis?
uncomfortable benches
Which of the following statements is true about urban ecology?
It is the process in which different groups sort themselves into the areas of a city where they thrive.
Which of the following best illustrates the city as a growth machine?
Investors and the government work together to bring in an NBA team.
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