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Den 233 Test 1 Evolve

Terms in this set (110)

Self-regulating behavior
The higher standards expressed in a professional code of ethics and enforced by those within the profession represents
Social justice
The three fundamental ethical principles of the "Physician Charter" include the primacy of patient welfare, patient autonomy, and the principle of
Interactive model
Which of the following models of professionalism described by Ozar is considered to be the most desirable?
learn together during part of their professional training
The term interprofessional education (IPE) refers to occasions when students from two or more health professions
Competencies
____________ are essential skills requiring knowledge, skill, and ability that are performed by a health care provider.
Accreditation
Which of the following is the term used to describe the system that has been developed in the United States to protect the public welfare and provide standards for the evaluation of educational programs and schools?
Master
Which of the following is the top stage of competency according to the expert learning continuum?
The American Dental Hygienists' Association (ADHA)
Which of the following organizations developed the "Standards for Clinical Dental Hygiene Practice"?
Beneficence
All of the professional traits of a health care professional are rooted in
Dental hygiene diagnosis
Which of the following "Standards for Clinical Dental Hygiene Practice" requires interpretation of assessments in order to reach conclusions about the dental hygiene treatment needs?
Self-effacement
According to the ethicist Laurence McCullough, which of the following is one of the two virtues required in a professional person?
Reliability and Responsibility
Maintaining current knowledge of dental hygiene theory and technique is one facet of which of the following professional traits of a dental hygienist?
Both that statement and reason are correct and related
Tolerance for others goes beyond the legal warning to not discriminate, because it means caring for all individuals who seek treatment whether or not they are likeable.
The first statement is false, and the second statement is true
The responsibility and power for legislative protection of the public rest with the dental schools and dental hygiene programs. The primary purpose of licensure is to protect the health and safety of the public.
None of the above. All states grant a license to practice
Which of the following states does not require a license to practice as a dental hygienist?
Behavior
Ethical decision making is __________.
Participant involvement in discussion of moral dilemmas
Which of the following is characteristic of successful moral education programs?
does not; does not
A person's cognitive moral development _________ stop developing at a specific age, and their ability to employ what they understand in actual decisions ________ stop developing at a specific age.
The model categorized stages in the moral development of male children
Which of the following is true of Piaget's theory of cognitive moral development?
Amoral stage
Which of the following is Stage 1 of Piaget's Four-Stage Model of Moral Development?
Heteronomous
According to Piaget's Four-Stage Model of Moral Development, a person accepts the moral authority of others during the ____________ stage.
Preconventional reasoning
Externally established rules determine right and wrong action for which of the following levels of reasoning according to Kohlberg's Three-Level Model of Moral Development?
Universal ethical principle orientation
Which of the following represents the highest stage of Kohlberg's Three-Level Model of Moral Development?
Both male justice orientation and a female ethic of care
Gilligan believes that complete moral development occurs in the context of
Carol Gilligan
According to which of the following persons, the duty to report a case of suspected child abuse is derived from the relationships surrounding the child and the need to protect the interests of the child?
Meanings
Experiences, as we make sense of them, in turn change the basic conceptual structures by which people construct
Character
___________ usually is defined as qualities or dispositions that are consistently practiced.
Utilitarian ethics (Consequentialism)
_______________ refers to the kind of moral thinking that is concerned with considering the consequences of alternative courses of action before deciding on a right action.
Deontology (Nonconsequentalism)
Which of the following ethical theories proposes that some actions are required by the rightness or wrongness of the action, regardless of the consequences of the action?
Immanuel Kant
The concept of a universal law in ethical thinking was developed by
Justice
The main normative principles in health care are nonmaleficence, beneficence, autonomy and
The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct
If a dentist intentionally charges an insurance company for procedures not performed it is an ethical dilemma, because an ethical dilemma occurs when one or more ethical principles are in conflict.
Both statements are true
Principles, values, and rules in health care will help guide decision making in the process of providing the best dental health care for the patient. Weighing and balancing ethical principles are the major tasks involved in ethical decision making.
Principle
A ___________ is a general normative standard of conduct, holding that a particular decision or action is true or right or good for all people in all times and all places.
Defer placing sealants until achieving competency
A hygienist who is unfamiliar with placing dental sealants should
a. perform the procedure without informing the patient because he or she will learn best by doing it.
Nonmleficence
Causing some degree of harm when that harm will lead to a greater good may be desirable as well as necessary according to the principle of double effect which is part of the principle of
is not; is not
Avoiding harm _______ always possible and promoting good _____ always possible in the practice of dental hygiene.
Consequentialist or utilitarian
Both nonmaleficence and beneficence require the physician to do what will best benefit the patient, which is a _____________ approach.
Autonomy
Which of the following principles gives rise to the concept of permitting individuals to make decisions about their own health?
Both statements are true
If the patient selects a treatment option that is consistent with accepted standards of care, the professional may ethically act on the patient's choice. The practitioner may also choose to not provide a service requested by the patient if that service is in conflict with the standards of patient care.
Justice
The principle of __________ is concerned with providing individuals or groups with what is owed, due, or deserved.
Both that statement and reason are correct and related
Every society must address the problem of how its resources will be distributed, because every society has a scarcity of resources.
is not; is not
There _____ a legal mandate for dental care to be available to all persons in the United States, and the provision of dental care ________ applied equally.
John Stuart Mill
Who was responsible for writing a political philosophy essay in the mid-1800s that is the basis for societal presumption that individuals are free to act as they see fit?
Benevolent deception
Which of the following is the name given to the practice of withholding information from a patient because of a belief on the part of the clinician that the information may harm the
The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct
The Surgeon General's Report on Oral Health established that oral health should be looked at separately from general health, because oral health is a critical component of overall health.
The first statement is true, and the second statement is false
The first Surgeon General's Report on Oral Health was published in 2000. There have been more than 50 surgeon general reports on oral health published since that time.
The first statement is true, and the second statement is false
Lack of access to health care can be caused by fear and complex psychosocial or cultural assumptions. How to address the need is a social responsibility of all health care professionals working with public agencies but not private agencies.
No more information is needed to improve oral health and eliminate health disparities.
Each of the following is one of the "Major Findings of Oral Health in America" EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
Social, political, economic, and cultural factors.
Many factors besides finances must be identified when determining why certain populations become patients and others do not, including
47
More than ___ million people in the United States are estimated to be underinsured or have no health insurance.
Liberty
Each of the following is listed under the ADHA Standards of Professional Responsibility EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
Profession
The responsibility of all oral health care professionals to assist and lead society in finding solutions to oral health disparities is based on the historic definition of a
Justice
A professional must consider our obligations as a group, by honoring the _______ principle in the code of ethics and sharing ethical concerns as a moral community.
Autonomy
Each of the following ethical values focuses on society EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
None of the above. We have a responsibility for accessibility to health care for all of these groups
According to Garetto and Yoder, we do not have a responsibility for accessibility to health care for which of the following groups?
Social justice
Two reports from the Institute of Medicine in the early 2000s advocated increased professionalism and ____________ as a part of improving quality and bridging the gaps in health care.
Diversity of the oral health workforce.
American Dental Education Association (ADEA) recommendations for improving the oral health status of all Americans includes increasing the
Both statements are true.
A dentist's decision to participate in safety net programs such as Medicaid can be seen as maintaining a social justice perspective. This can pose a challenge for the dental hygienist who believes in a social purpose perspective.
is not; is not
It _____ prudent [and or but] it ______ feasible for a dental hygienist employee setting in which a solo dentist or small group of dentists owns and manages the dental care business to provide free or discounted dental hygiene care.
Expected standards of behavior
A major purpose of a professional code of ethics is to bind the members of a group together by expressing their goals and aspirations, as well as define
Both that statement and reason are correct and related
Admissions committees aim to select candidates who are the best qualified academically as well as candidates of good character, because integrity and character are important criteria for acceptance.
Character traits
Learning what is expected of a professional person reinforces ________ in the developing professional.
Obligation
After entering professional practice, it becomes the _________ of those professionals to help regulate their profession.
Extremely valuable
It is reasonable to assume that the professions find codes of ethics and standards of professional behavior to be
Hippocrates
The first ethical code dates back to the time of Greek physician
Codes of ethics are legal mandates
Each of the following is true of codes of ethics EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
Both statements are true
A code of ethics provides an enforceable standard of minimally decent conduct for those who fall below that standard. A code of ethics indicates in general terms some of the ethical considerations a professional must consider when deciding on conduct.
obligations; rights
Some philosophers have noted that most codes of ethics stress the __________ of health care professionals rather than describe the __________ of those receiving health care services.
The American Dental Hygienists' Association (ADHA)
The first code of ethics for dental hygienists was created by
66% (2/3rds)
The code of ethics for dental hygiene can be amended at any meeting of the ADHA House of Delegates by a __% vote of that group.
Four
The _____ goals of the dental hygiene code of ethics are listed in the beginning of the code, and these capture the essence of why the code is important to dental hygienists and the public.
1995
The code of ethics that was first developed in ____ is more comprehensive than earlier versions and provides extensive guidance for the dental hygienist working in a variety of health care delivery settings.
A reference and a guide
A code of ethics is
Fundamental principles
Basic beliefs and core values are part of which of the following sections of "The Dental Hygiene Code of Ethics"?
Dilemmas
Some of the choices that the dental hygienist will face will be simple issues of right and wrong, whereas others may be ethical _________ that require careful decision making.
Both statements are true
Students need opportunities to develop the analytical skills needed to assess ethical dilemmas. Posing ethical dilemma cases when a panel of experts is available to help students analyze and arrive at possible solutions to the hypothetical dilemmas is a means of affording those opportunities.
Ethical analysis
In 1989, the American Dental Education Association (ADEA) established guidelines that stated curriculum should provide opportunities for refining skills of ______ so students are able to apply ethical principles to new and emerging problems in the profession.
There is a question as to whether a moral obligation exists
According to Campbell and Rogers, moral uncertainty exists when
Weakness
Moral __________ occurs when moral responsibilities conflict with personal inclinations.
Assess
Which of the following is one of the "Four A's" to rise above moral distress?
Six
How many steps are in the ethical decision-making model as interpreted by Atchison and Beemsterboer?
Circle
The ethical decision-making model presented in the text is diagrammed as a _______.
Identify the ethical dilemma or problem
The most critical step in the ethical decision-making model is to
Identify the ethical dilemma or problem, collect information, and state the options
Which of the following correctly represents the sequence of the first three steps of the decision-making model?
3
Brainstorming to identify as many alternatives as possible is part of step __ of the six-step decision-making model.
Implement the decision
The final step of the six-step decision-making model is to
Failure to refer patients to a specialist
Which of the following is one of the three most frequently encountered practice dilemmas according to a survey conducted by Gaston and colleagues in 1990?
Both statements are true
Ethical issues concerned with employment are common in the dental office. Most dental hygienists are employees.
Overtreatment
_________ involves situations in which excessive services or services that are unnecessary for a particular case are provided.
Professional and self
A code of ethics recognizes three relationships. Which of the following is not a recognizable relationship?
The first statement is true, and the second statement is false
A dental hygienist who refuses to provide care to individuals on Medicaid is violating the ethical standard that suggests dental hygienists should not discriminate. This unethical behavior has legal consequences.
Accountability
The ability to answer for one's actions is referred to as:
Nonmaleficence
When a dental hygienist provides treatment for which she is not qualified increasing the risk of potential harm to the client, what ethical principle is being violated?
Veracity
Truth telling or integrity is critical to meaningful communication between the dental hygienist and the client. Dishonest behavior of the dental hygienist is a violation of what ethical principle?
Autonomy
What type of ethical principle occurs when a dental hygienist provides a client with information about their oral health status, discusses their treatment options and involves the client in the decision making of their treatment?
Fidelity
An obligation to keep implied or explicit promises to the clients is a demonstration of which ethical principle?
Civil
The law is divided into two categories; criminal and _________?
The code guides dental hygienists in how to handle malpractice accusations
All of the following are characteristics of the American Dental Hygienists' Association (ADHA) Code of Ethics except one. Which one is the exception?
Both statements are true
To meet proof beyond a reasonable doubt, a jury or judge must be absolutely convinced that the criminal act occurred to establish guilt. If one is not absolutely convinced, an individual must be found innocent.
Both statements are true
If a dental hygienist commits an civil action error during client care and a jury or judge is 51% sure that this error caused harm to the client, the dental hygienist will be found liable based on a preponderance of evidence.
Yes, with written notification of termination
If a client refuses necessary oral radiographs or prophylactic antibiotic premedication for the prevention of infective endocarditis may the practitioner-client relationship be terminated?
Intentional tort
A dental hygienist who violates the confidential relationship between the dental hygienist and the client is committing a(an):
Profession
Standard of care is defined by the:
Statute of limitations
The length of time an aggrieved person has to enter lawsuits against another for an alleged injury is referred to as:
Defamation
Libel and slander are examples of:
At will employment termination
All of the following organizations deal with discrimination except one. Which one is the exception?
Independent practitioner
When a dental hygienist is responsible for all the legal principles that influence client care and is responsible for knowledge of labor and employment laws, discrimination issues, tax laws, and related business obligations she/he is referred to as a(an):
Informed refusal
What type of act occurs when a client declines dental advice and their refusal is documented in order to protect the practitioner?
Technical battery
What occurs if a practitioner performs a procedure on a client without informed consent?
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