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PADP 3000 Midterm Exam: Long
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Gravity
Terms in this set (105)
Pendleton Act/Merit
gets rid of spoil system. People should be hired based on merit
Admin state
Dwight Waldo's term to describe the rising importance and power of bureaucracy in American democracy.
Public v. Private
Essentially the lines are blurred when it comes to _____ and _______ companies, there are two perspectives. Ex: McDonald's vs. FDA
Size
of government is differently perceived--could mean # of people or could mean the power government holds
authority
right to actually exercise the power that you have (that stems from the constitution)
Red tape
barriers to effect public administration; stereotype and perception-- difficult to solve
Authoritative critic
Wilson argues that public opinion should be the ____________ _______, efficient without being meddlesome. It is the meddlesome nature of the public that keeps administrations and government honest. It creates accountability that no matter how inefficient, it is necessary in a free and democratic nation.
bureaucratic model
Max Weber's theory opposite to classical, doubting the competence of a leader
Technical expertise
*Friedrich - technical expertise is used in order to be responsible for yourself and your own decisions
*Finer - technical expertise is appointed (you are told to do it)
non-rational
traditional authority: rests on traditional loyalty to someone who became a chief in a traditional way (ex: divine right, traditions, etc)
charismatic authority: personal devotion to an individual because of exemplary character
open system
heavily influenced by other actors in the bureaucratic systems (ex: lobbyists, voters)
Comparative setting
Dahl
-Validity?
Is Public Administration a valid discipline?
-Universal generalization
We should push for regulations that can work universally so we can get closer to the principles of science
Hierarchy
Non Specialists (people who only study one thing) v. Generalists
Merit
Elite Status
-Areas of broad discipline
We should generate a field that involves other fields to make it more of a science
Efficiency
Main objective of public administration. Rosenbloom managerial value, the main objective of public administration, reiterating Wilson's words
closed system
machine whose own operation is substantially unaffected by its environment (ex: insulated, internal)
Effectiveness
Rosenbloom managerial value. Discover what can be the most successful
Economy
Rosenbloom managerial value. Least cost and energy
Theory X&Y
X= there should be more supervision and penalties (Finer)
Y= should be more internally motivated (Friedrich)
Responsiveness
Rosenbloom political value
Pluralism
influence of many political actors all around us that make up the organizational culture (sort of Dahl's orginal and Rosenbloom ideas)
condition or system of more than one group or source of authority
organizational culture
the conflict between the many outside actors in bureaucracy. multiple things are are going on at the same time, and highly susceptible to change because lots of people come in and out
network analysis
how a network operates, focusing on shared responsibility between different actors and networks (can be formal or informal)
principal-agent
establishing principal who is working and the role the two have together helps inform how bureaucracy is actually structured (helps inform how we organize)
specialization
hired to follow a particular line of work; does increase over time (Simon)
hierarchy of authority (unity of command)
people organized in a way so that they are held accountable to someone for their work, or are in charge of others
span of control
concerned with the number of subordinates reporting to any one supervisor
purpose v process v clientele v place
Purpose: reason/objective/end for a how a task is carried out
Process: means for accomplishing a purpose
Clientele: customer who is at the end of the chart receiving (managers have to consider them and divide them up to serve them better)
Place: where the service is being delivered impacts the decisions that come down the line
strategic planning
"A Strategic Planning Process for Public and Nonprofit Organizations" John M. Bryson
If he had to focus on one issue, it's very likely that this article is about "process"
Steps:
Development of an initial agreement concerning the strategic planning effort
Identification of clarification and mandates
Development of clarification of mission and values
External environment assessment
Internal environment assessment
Strategic issue identification
Strategy development
Description of the organization in the future
Constitutional integrity
Rosenbloom legal value
Due process
Rosenbloom legal value
Regulations
direct tool of org. management/rules that encourage spending in a different way
Equity
Rosenbloom legal value
Privatization
when government administrators sign an agreement with private parties; usually an attempt to do things "on the ground" in the lower level tiers of government. Modern movement in the past 30-40 years
Strong managerial aim for efficiency and efficacy
Partial preemption
the federal government has the right to take over, at least for a limited time, in lower level governmental tiers in case of needs not being met. Ex: extreme pollution, environmental agencies are taken over if not meeting EPA requirement
Grants
sum of money issued by government for a certain type of action/you must apply to get money. Types: Federal, Block (discretion, usually is paired with formula), Categorical (discretion, usually is paired with project), Formula (eligibility), Project (eligibility
Tax Expenditures
a government spending through the tax code (marriage, green initiatives) to encourage a certain behavior
Vouchers
certificate of funding to help citizens purchase items
Form
what government should look like
Function
government should act a certain way
Hollow state
is a metaphor for the increasing use of third parties, often nonprofits, to deliver social services and generally act in the name of the state. These are networks (people interacting with each other). There are managerial problems within the ____________ (stability problems, contract problems, "managers can drive themselves crazy trying to figure out the principal-agent relationships"). Stability. Information asymmetry (everyone does not have the same information- some have better information than others [questionable]).
Service provision
the people who create and pay for the program, or it can refer to the people who administer it
The Delegation Problem
the reliance on the tools, and the funding related, by actors that receive them. Depends heavily on trust of the existence of program implementation
Asymmetry of info
One party has more information than the other
Often talking about the principle (someone who needs help/assistance) and the agent (the person(s) who make the decisions for the principle)
Centralization
the idea that a certain authority has power over others and that it has impact on the rest of the organization
Transaction costs
comparative costs of 1. Planning, 2. Adapting (parties must bargain), and 3. Monitoring (policing each other)
Infrastructure
the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities (e.g., buildings, roads, and power supplies) needed for the operation of a society or enterprise.
Loans
the federal government providing financial assistance to students, farmers, etc. to encourage action
Contracts
legal agreement for a seller to provide a good or service to a buyer for a price
Crossover sanctions
if rules are not followed, there is a penalty
Ex: not making state drinking ages 21+ means no funding for highways
Federalism
government has different tiers
Interest
__________ gained like salary or other payments for services or equity interests like stocks, stock options, intellectual property rights and the like
Entitlements
a type of governmental qualification/eligibility requirement (being entitled to it); the government must spend it for you
Goods & services
_______ include what satisfies a human want or desire (public administration helps provide this) and _______ include an action/economic activity that is often paid for by tax dollars
Sensitivity training
recognize differences in characteristics in the workplace, developing interpersonal skills on a diverse body
Accountability
Rosenbloom political value
human relations
idea that human relationships matter
(Hawthorne concludes that if you are being watched/observed you focus more and work harder)
Representation
Rosenbloom political value
scientific management
the person should perform their task as effectively and efficiently as possibly
(Frederick W. Taylor and his shoveling experiment to find the most efficient way of completing tasks- people need breaks for productivity)
Normative
establishing, relating to, or deriving from a standard or norm, especially of behavior. There's an ideal we are striving for. Tends to express a value of judgement. Science should be separate from moral values
humanist
idea that we should consider people as an element of organization
Human Behavior
Concerned about human beings. We are not always rational. Public Admin is unpredictable
rational-legal
the idea that there are rationally established norms (decrees, mandates, regulations) and that we should focus on the rationale behind them; should include an element of legality
Discretion
*Finer- act of your own accord - discretion is low
*Friedrich- simple role to carry out what we are told to do - discretion is high
hierarchy/structural
top down delegation of authority from higher officials to lower (chain of command is classical structure)
power
ability to influence an action
Pol-Admin dichotomy
sharp distinction with technical expertise vs. politicians/politics
feasibility
something that is accomplishable
SWOT
strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats
analysis to determine feasibility
champion
need a champion to bring awareness to the person who is more high up, and ascend issues up through the hierarchy
leadership
refer to "Eras of Mainstream Leadership Theory and Research" table which is on the test
task v people v organization
task: technical performance (POSDCORB)
people: development
organization: alignment
trait
Emphasis on the individual traits (physical, personal, motivational, aptitudes) and recognition of importance cation and ability to influence) that leaders bring to all leadership tasks.
of natural talents. * Era influenced by scientific methodologies in general (especially industrial measurement) scientific management in particular (for instance, the definition of roles and assignment of
competencies to those roles).
contingency
Emphasis on the situational variables leaders must deal with, especially performance basis of most rigorous models variables. Shift from traits and skills to behaviors (for example, energy levels and communication
but with vastly expanded skills to role clarification and staff motivation). Dominated by bimodal models in its situational repertoire. * Era influenced by the rise of human relations theory, behavioral science (in areas such theory), and the use of small group experimental desig
transformational
Emphasis on leaders who create change in deep structures, major processes, or overall Leader mechanisms may be compelling vision, brilliant technical insight, and/or charismatic
quality.
* Era influenced by the loss of American dominance in business, finance, and science, and the need
to re-energize various industries which had slipped into complacency.
servant
Emphasis on the ethical responsibilities to followers, stakeholders, and society. Business theorists
tend to emphasize service to followers; political theorists emphasize citizens; public administration
POSDCORB
Planning
Organizing
Staffing
Directing
Co-ordinating
Reporting
Budgeting
bureaucracy
a large, complex organization composed of appointed officials, where authority is divided among several managers and/or departments
cabinet department
gov agencies that report directly to the president (ex: defense, state department)
independent agency
established by a congressional statute that becomes codefied into law (ex: Social Secutiry ad, nsf, Fed elec commission, NASA)
government corporation
is a company that is owned by the government and operates with the same independence of a private business, except that the owner is the government (ex: post office)
autonomy
having the ability to make your own decisions, self-governance
independence
having the right to act, govt corporations have the most independence, bc they have their own autonomy
bureau
principle operating functions of government, having an investigating purpose (ex: DMV)
field office
small offices that represent the large office in DC
EOP (Exec Office of the President)
largely formulated by FDR, it consists of White House staff, the office of the VP, office of management budget, office of national security council, and more
documentation v. info
two different axises of accessing transparency, including: Regulation , Cultural means (email, intergovernmental memos), Attitude (figuring out what you want on or off-book)
OPM
(Office of Personnel Management) overseeing issues of hiring and firing of civil servants. It is an independent agency that helps ensure human resource programs properly in government. Formerly the US Civil Service Committee from the Pendleton Act
NSC
National Security Council- advise and assist president on domestic, military, and foreign security matters
Buyout
encouraging people to retire, i.e. retirement plans, especially during recessions (golden parachutes: gives people money to leave, "jump out the window").
Furlough
a leave of absence--do not show up to work, you also won't be paid, but you still have your job.
Collective Bargaining
(unions- workers who want protection) negotiating with managers for rights, wages, hours, and anything else work-related in order to reach a resolution.
Right-to-work
employees have the right to work without having to join a union.
At-will
(Georgia is an at-will state) under certain conditions, you can be fired at the discretion of a manager, as long as it's not illegal. Your employment with the government is at-will, the contract can be rescinded at any time.
Hatch Act of 1939
"The Act to Prevent Pernicious Political Activities"- an attempt to keep politics outside of administration.
-Cannot interfere with political campaigns
-Cannot solicit contributions
-Cannot run for partisan role
-Must be unbiased
Public Meetings
information and transparency is discussed openly
Agenda setting
there is an authority who is deciding what issues take precedence in the meetings/determining what is most important/prioritizing the potential actions and decisions they are going to make to reach a goal
Human Capital
knowledge, skills, experiences that people bring to the job
Reduction in Force
(RIF) involuntary termination (getting laid off).
ES
(Executive service) includes the top agency heads (mostly appointed)
Transparency/ATI
government's obligation to share information with citizens. It is at the heart of how citizens hold their public officials accountable
FOIA
A lot of people don't know about this; it stands for Freedom of Information act. Implies explicitly to the executive branch that you can request certain documents and data. However you can't request certain information like defense or intergovernmental communication data
(1966)
Series/Grade/Step
Series: 4 digit number that identifies different occupations, 23 total
Grade: jobs themselves are labeled, there are 15 different grades total
Baseline pay
Education level
Skill/Experience Level
MSA
(Metropolitan statistical area) highly dense areas of population; the largest is New York, followed by LA and Chicago. Atlanta is 9th.
SES
(Senior executive service) includes the top people of the bureaucratic agencies
Whistleblowing
a whistleblower is a person who exposes any kind of information or activity that is deemed illegal, unethical, or not correct within an organization that is either private or public
GS
job classification
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