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Asian Government and Politics Midterm Exam 1

Terms in this set (90)

Dynastic record: Imperial China
Pre-dynasty built up by a large and powerful China by 2205 BCE, was about the size of _______.
Europe
Dynastic record: Imperial China
There were _____ identifiable dynasties/ political systems that lasted from 2205 BCE until _____; characterized by a _____/_____ and _____ ____s.
18
1911
rise/ fall
civil wars
Dynastic record: Imperial China
Identifiable culture: ruled by a(n) _______ emperor; possessed an official ________, large ______ that changed over time
authoritarian
ideology
bureaucracy
There have been _____ years of a unified China, 5000 years of Chinese _____ _____
4000

political
China was the wealthiest country, an ____ power; this lasted ____ years and ended in _____
industrial

4000

1911
China's government was a ______ ed, ______ rule
centralized

authoritarian
China's authoritarian regime managed to stay in power due to ____ and largely b/c of _____- it had a massive state ____ with many functions
brutality

bureaucracy

apparatus
Functions of China's state apparatus:
-Controlled ____ through distribution of info- wanted to know what people are ____- want to know who local _____s are to keep tabs on them. Also running a ____-like state
-To _____ its citizens, and the authorities in charge of this were always ____
-To spread _____, the ____ way of trying to stay in power. This functioned well b/c China was the ____ country in the world and _____ ahead of everyone else.
population

thinking

leaders

police

tax

armed

ideology

benign

wealthiest

technologically
China was a ____ ruled by one political party with no freedoms of ____/_____ (only if the government decides not to pay attention to it)
dictatorship

press/ speech
What is the order-chaos pattern?
centralization -->

decentralization -->

recentralization
Order- chaos pattern:
Emperor come to power as leader of group that ___ a ___, then ____ rule continues down line via the _____ son
Different kingdoms will then claim the current ruling group is ___ or inefficient/right to be _____; resulting in _____.
Order is not _____.
won/ war

imperial

oldest

weak

overthrown

rebellion

justice
1850-1864 civil war; although ___ million people died, didn't ____ dynasty because war wasn't ____ enough
15

change

big
Qin emperor ( ______ warriors, Great Wall of China) rules 15 years after 250 years in the ____ _____s Period then immediately overthrown
terracotta

Warring States
Han dynasty was important because it _____ China after Qin; important today because the dynasty claims ______ /another political party are equally bad; if separatists/____ become independent, that would ultimately lead to ____; claim ______ Party prevents chaos
stabilized

democracy

Taiwan

chaos

Communist
During the ____ and Manchu invasion, foreign invaders ruled as Chinese _____s
Mongol

Dynasties
Current CCP leaders understanding of the political legacy of the dynastic periods:

Fear of ______ that might lead to chaos
_____ and a return to power for China
decentralization

Nationalism
China as the center of the world relied on isolation from _____s. When empires isolate themselves, they stop _____, being challenged, and eventually will ____. The Chinese empire decided to isolate itself for a long period of time.
barbarians

learning

collapse
Confucian Political Thought:

-Official ideology of the ____ dynasty
-_____ stability depends on everyone accepting their proper ____ in _____, and accept responsibility based on that role, leading hopefully to conditions of ____
Hierarchy
-People are _____ of who rules them and _____ it.
Confucianism promotes ____ and _____, the opposite of _____, rapid change, and upset ______s.
Han

Political

role/ society

balance

aware

accept

harmony/ balance

revolution

hierarchies
Confucius, also known as __ ___ ___, was living in a time of massive ___ ___. He believed in the unity of ____ and ____ order.
He believed that the ____ should have absolute rule, but that if he's doing a bad job, citizens have the right to ____.
Kong Fu Zi

civil war

political/ social

emperor

overthrow
Confucius gave rise to "_____'s _____," which stated, "whatever the ____s are, they support the emperor"
For example, if there has been a good ____ season, the ____s are sending a message that the emperor is _____
"Heaven's Mandate"

heavens

harvest

heavens

good
China often experienced ____ rivalries among ruling ___s
factional

elites
The concept of _____ was created by Han Fei, placed a lot of importance on the concept of ____, not harmony or balance or even ____
legalism

order

justice
Legalism states that:
-_____ is what matters
-The emperor stays legitimate b/c he ____s all of his ____s
-Loyalty to the ____ is more important than loyalty to the _____.
-This legalist ideology was adopted by the emperor of the ____ dynasty, and some people even say ____ almost ruled this way.
Order

crushes

opponents

emperor

family

Qin

Mao
Law enforcement:
-Strict ____ control
-Only the _____ has authority
imperial

emperor
Creation of the Modern Nation-State
Internal weaknesses brought about by ____ and bad ____
corruption

leadership
Why was the fall of the Qing Dynasty the fall of imperial China?
-European ideas challenged _____, European _____ superiority was psychologically devastating, causing the regime to be _____.
-_____ brought about by Europe, Japan, and Russia- Europe comes in and starts conquering the world
Confucianism

military

delegitimized

Colonialism
European and Japanese encroachment:

____ ____ (China vs. Britain)
Britain began trading ____ into China, the Chinese wanted to ban ____, but Britain said no leading to the ___ ____s
Opium Wars

opium

opium

Opium Wars
In 1842, China ____ the 1st Opium War to ____.
This led to the ____ years of _____.
From 1842 -1949, some ____ entity was always trying to take away a piece of China
lost

Britain

100/ Humiliation

foreign
Nationalist Movement:
___ ___ ___ was the provisional president of China when the ____ dynasty was overthrown
Sun Yat-Sen


Qin
The political party that was founded by Sun Yat-Sen was called the __ __ __
KMT
Three Principles of the People:

-_____: get the foreigners out of China (no more _____) (China should belong to the people who are ethnically _____ in China
-_____: the people rule (not until Taiwan in 1987)
-_____'s _____ (capitalism, development), weird way of saying China wanted capitalism development, they wanted a ____ and ____ society again
Nationalism

colonization

rooted

Democratization

People's Livelihood

wealthy/ powerful
Communist Movement-
____ ____- 1893-1976
It was predated by the _____ movement by 30 years
Mao Zedong

Nationalist
The ___ dynasty falls- the Republican era begins
- Sun Yat-Sen became the ____ president in 1911, and China moved into a pseudo-_____ country- this was _____ by military in a few months
Once the military ____s a government it gives ____ to the idea that militaries in other countries can do it as well.
Qing

provincial

republic

overthrown

overthrows

legitimacy
Warlords and civil war:
1916-1927- Warlord Period, gives military _____.
_____ overthrow _____
government
Nationalists and _____ are still fighting each other
legitimacy

Generals

provisional

Communists
Chiang Kai-shek was the leader of the _____ Army
Nationalist
Sino-Japanese War-
-Japan in _____ in 1931
-1937 _____ invasion, attempts to take the rest of _____, 15 million civilians die, ____ loses the war.
Manchuria

Japanese

China

Japan
Chinese Civil War 1946-1949:
______ vs. Communists
______ win using guerrilla warfare. Kai-shek goes to rule in _____
This signified the birth of _____ China, which is still in power today
Seen as the end of the _____ era in China
100 years of _____ ends on October 1, 1949
Nationalists

Communists

Taiwan

Communist

Colonial

Humiliation
Communist Era:
_____-_____ cycle fulfilled?
But new ideology created to rule next period of _____-_____ cycle different
No longer _____; Mao want to destroy all of this thought
Birth of the _____'s _____ of _____
Mao is seen as the ____ who brought China back to province and _______ becomes a key part to this revolution
Order-chaos

order-chaos

Confucian

People's Republic of China

hero

nationalism
Mao's legitimacy based on?
Mao gets support because it's a ______ revolution; legitimization of ______
Gave china back to the _____ (Mao was even a hero to ____-______s)
Importance of nationalism
nationalist

communism

people

non-communism
Communism in China
Marx/Engels two main theorists
-Investigated advanced ____ of Europe ( _____ , Prussia) after industrialization
-Workers work long hours, paid almost ______
-Because of rapid ______, people>jobs and gigantic ____ between _____/_____
End of private property; created _____ _____
economies

England

nothing

urbanization

gap

rich/poor

collective ownership
Marx and Engals:
Capitalism is _____; rich exploiting the poor enforced by the government.
Groups of people who ____ and make no ____ have no _____ compared to wealthy who ____ everything, have all _____
Solution: Germans build _____, health care
exploitation

work

money

power

own

power

universities
Eventually, workers rise up, overthrow _____ _____, leading to inevitable _____.
In China's case, poor ____ ____s living in countryside
Eventually reach ______ after transition; no _____ _____ (collective ownership)
workers

government

revolution

peasant farmers

Communism

private property
Marx never intended leaders to become _____ _____ /_____ everyone who disagrees, yet this occurs in all ______ states
brutal dictators

kill

Communism
In capitalism, you produce because you receive _____s; in Communism, you ______ because everyone ______ /don't mind those who don't contribute as much because everyone needs ______
Transition from each according to his _____ to each according to his need; no relation between _____/_____
rewards

contribute

contributes

necessities

abilities

ability/ reward
Lenin:
____ borrow vanguard theory from Lenin; Russia still hadn't experienced _____ _____; vanguard of people instigate _____ (don't ____ for revolution; ____ it now)
Inevitable _____, politically inconvenient
Mao

industrial revolution

revolution

wait

start

revolution
Mao:
Peasant revolution:

China still _____ society
Majority ____ _____ living on land owned by somebody else; _____- based life
Mao saw poor exploited farmers as "_____ of the ____;" enemy of revolution aren't _____ owners but wealthy ____
Peasants paid in scrip to purchase from ______'s store (paid back to _____)
agricultural

poor peasants

subsistence

core of the revolution

factory

landowners

landlord's

landlord
Mao:
Society changed radically through ____ ____ : weight of _____s work together to change society mobilized through _____; announce _____s, then mobilize to achieve
Mass Line

masses

campaigns

goals
Campaigns/continuous revolution:
Continuous revolutionary struggle to change society from Antithetical to ______ (balance, fit into roles) because it destroys _____/_____ with constant revolution; attack on ______ and traditional Chinese _____s (more _____ the better; psychological _____)
Encourage students against teachers/children against parents
Confucianism

hierarchy/harmony

Confucianism

values

brutal

torture
If you mess with Mao, you ____; don't receive ____ ____ unless Mao wants you to get it; low estimate of Chinese killed by Mao = ____ million
Mao's doctor wrote a book about Mao's constant _____ that motivated his _____
Completely _____ society, yet (______) dictatorship of the proletariat
die

medical treatment

50

constipation

brutality

equal

hierarchal
Government Structure:
_____ is more powerful than government; party role for individuals is what gives them _____
Dual structure: government and party _____; at senior most levels, have positions in _____
Xi Jinping, President of China because he's leader of party (General Secretary of CPC)
Position in ____ matters more than position in ______
Real power/decision making is at the very _____ and based on ______ rivalries
Party

power

hierarchy

both

party

government

top

factional
Factions/rivalries within party motivated by personal ______; ultimately determine what's going to happen.
Under Mao, led to people ____ by vying for _____
ambitions

dying

power
There is only one political party, so outcome of _____ battles matters; somebody wins, then _____ change occurs
______; resolving factional battles isn't held for vote but held in mediums like discussions in _____s or ____s Zhao #1 but meetings held at _____'s house (retired but respected)
factional

political

informality

hallways

homes

Deng's
Informality is built into factional battles because the resolution to these battles is not people sitting down and ______. It's more informal because there will be a series of ______ and _____.
voting

discussions

negotiations
Example of faction battle: When Deng Xiaoping decided that he wanted to clear the ______ so the ____-____s would win the debate on what to do with the ______s. This man had so much power for being an ____ member of the party
square

hardliners

protesters

older
Example of faction battle: Senior members discuss _____ demonstrations, tanks roll into _______ ______ June 1989
Two main factions: _____s and _____s; Zhao wanted to talk to students/promise ______ (______ reform), and Li wanted the ______ to crush students
When ______ said to crush the students, they ______ (then _____ goes on house arrest)
April

Tiananmen Square

Moderate

Communist

negotiations

political

military

Deng

did

Zhao
No opposition to the CCP allowed, but The Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference in theory is an ______ political party. Essentially it's a group of people from _____ _____s of _____ (_____, engineers, etc.) represented in this group and they meet every few years and agree with the _____s to make them look ______
opposition

different walks of life

teachers

communists

good
Ministry of State Security has am internal _____ branch that determines if anyone is actively _____ the party (U.S. doesn't do this)
intelligence

opposing
The formal structure within a communist system of government is a ______ _____ of ______s, composed of the communist elite
Hierarchal Pyramid of Committees
Hierarchical Pyramid:
Work units-
-Small ______ out in the middle of nowhere or a ______ may be work unit
-Everything controlled by government
-You don't decide what you want to do for a ______, what you'd like to _____ in, where you want to _____ because the government ______s and _____s these things for you through the concept of a work unit
The govt. controls ______, the _____s you _____, where you go to _____ etc.
Element of control helps to create _____, which makes the whole system work
villages

classroom

living

major

live

decides and enforces

housing

clothes you wear

school

order
The communist party went out of its way to elevate non-____ minorities (except at the very ____)
Han

Top
The government structure in China: it had a _____, the structure of the government appeared to be _____.
Every level of government had ____, ____, and even ____ committees.
Even the _____ committees have input in the ___ committee, a ____ similar to that of the American president's
Constitution

democratic, even tho it wasn't

large, small, smaller

smallest

top

cabinet
Government structure cotd.
A ____ unit/ committee will elect a _____ committee which will elect an even ____ committee- the ______ committee meets most _____, and is actually more ______.
work

smaller

smaller

smallest

frequently

powerful
As you get higher and higher, more ______ politicians/party members (that may have other jobs)

Small committee of _____ people elect representatives to _____ committees based on ______ organizations, _____ within the locality, then they elect smaller committee, then smallest committee will elect a handful of people to represent the ______ committee in larger region
In reality, candidates for all committees chosen at the _____ (they're not ______, they're ______); want it to look like _____
professional

villagers

large

political

big

top

elected

appointed

democracy
Average person can only elect people to the _____ committee at the _____, but given 2 names from the ____
large

bottom

top
National People's Congress: China's ______; meets once a year in March
In theory it's a _____ that passes _____
Contains roughly _____ seats with ____-year terms
In reality, all appointed by ____s, although there are "______s" (pick from handful of people, so it looks like choice)
legislature

body

laws

3000

5

elites (the top)

elections
NPC Standing Committee:
National _____'s _____ elect a Standing Committee, smaller group (roughly _____) that meet more often and run the National ____'s _____
National People's Conference

200

National People's Conference
State Council:
The ____ ____ elects the State Council, which is essentially the _____
Complete ____-____-____ jobs
The _____ is perhaps the most important individual; essentially CEO of China
Commissions and _____
Standing Committee

cabient

day-to-day

premier

ministries
Standing Committee of State Council
-Legislatures that _____ issues
-Legislature that elects the state ____
approve

council
The Judicial Branch of China is similar to that of the ___ ____- it's ____ based and provides a court for the entire country.
Judicial branch is not ____ of political system
Its controlled by the ____ party, and its job is to ____ the party.
Increasingly growing concerned with caring about the ____ and ____ wrongs (example: fixing _____ in lower levels, giving back ____ taken away from the poor)
United States

regionally

independent

Communist

protect

people

righting

corruption

housing
Party ____ looks exactly the same as government structure
One's _____ within the party matters more; excelling in _____ affairs allows one to have more _____ in his government position
Real power in the ____
Structure

place

party

power

center
National Party Congress meet every ____ years to map out China's ____ ____ plan.
Choose people above them
5 years

5 year plan
Within the central committee, there are bureaucracies. They consist of a _____ of about 25 ppl who meet frequently (looks like membership of State ____)
Politburo

Council
The politburo contains the offices of both the party ____ and the general ____
Secretariat

Secretary
The ____ Committee of P_____ possesses all the real ____- they run the country. All members have ____ roles
They decide on the next 7 people for the next ____ years.
People can be on the committee for up to ____ yrs, must retire at ___
Create process for _____- process to change leadership without anyone ____
The identified future leader would move to a higher ____ in government, and there would be an ____ process of _____ and peaceful _____.
Standing/ Politburo

power

government

5

10

70

succession

dying

position

orderly

transition

succession
Factional politics:

Public aware of debates at upper level/know what they discuss; surprising that debates were _____ in authoritarian state because they control content of their own _____/_____
Discuss pace of revolution; under Mao, Mao almost always ____
In all debates, underneath is ______/ ______ to different individuals that often explain results
In reform era, _____ -party democracy (allowed to _____ within party structure); democratic ______: debate at top, then make decisions
publicized

media (magazines/ tvs)

won

personalities and loyalty

intra

debate

centralism
Party role counts, so factional debates are at level of party _____
Leadership
1949-1976: Mao vs. everyone else
Peng Dehuai, defense minister/hero in Korean War/#2; late 1950s challenge Mao (not for control of country but ____) then was ____ and ____ in _____
reform

beaten

thrown/ prison
Late 50s, Mao started the ____ ____ _____, which he thought would be a great agricultural system
Peng argues that this wasn't working and people were ____. Mao says fine, if you want to end the _____ of agriculture then do it. but if you do it I will leave the communist party and leave and build an army and destroy all of you. Peng then was _____ several times and eventually becomes a ____
Great Leap Forward

starving

collectivization

demoted

prisoner
Mao vowed to ____ enemies of the PRC (mass _____s of ______ elites)
destroy

killings

nationalist
Mao engaged in an anti-____ campaign in which he killed people for ____ out
rightist

speaking
Public policy under Mao- felt as though we should _____ society/ then change the ways we _____
Transform

think
Remaking China into a Communist state, a revolutionary state

A series of campaigns:
-May 1957 ___ ____s Movement
-Anti-_____ Campaign begin few weeks later
-First big campaign: 1958-63 _____ _____ ______
Massive collectivization of agriculture
Land divided up into 24,000 communes/5,000 households in each; land divided up among them
Required to produce x amount of _____ per month/year; what was grown on land before/how much could be grown previously irrelevant; give product to _____
Result in massive ______ because it didn't work
Goals were insane because they had no ______ to realistic production
Traditionally, Chinese agricultural patterns produce _______s/ are thriving
Communes also required to produce ____; melt down own tools to turn over to government
Reverse bronze age; now plow with _____ /dig with _____
1966-1976 biggest campaign in Mao era; ends in 1976 because Mao dies
100 flowers

rightist

Great Leap Forward

product

state

starvation

relationship

surpluses

steel

wood

hands
Collectivization 1950-2

Eliminate private _____/hand over divided land to _____; drop in agricultural output immediately (food _____ right after revolution)
_____ slaughtered by peasants
Land was growing _____, yet now government makes peasants grow _____; when land doesn't grow it, blame peasants
landowning

peasants

shortage

Landowners

rice

wheat
Industrialization

______ Economy: government only decision-maker in every aspect of economic life (no free market)
Just on border of collapse constantly because it never encouraged _____, enough products, productivity, economic growth; caused ____ and ____s
Marx: when _____ disappears, government disappear, but in reality government got ____ because government decides who gets what/what you do with your life
Command

innovation

starvation

shortage

exploitation

bigger
Elements of a campaign:

set/publicize goals (massive ______), select enemies (to destroy)/hero must have enemies, punish people who aren't ____ enough
China has largest _____ system; not _____ but people who ____ Mao
propaganda

heroic

prison system

criminals

opposed
100 Flowers movement
May 1957 100 Flowers Movement

Mao announced he is going to "let 100 flowers ____/100 ____ of _____" after 8 years of killing people who oppose him
_____ had been enemies of country; debate/publish for little over a month
Was it a trap? Anti-_____ Campaign begin few weeks later; people who spoke out against party thrown in jail; flowers bloomed, then picked
bloom

schools of thought

Intellectuals

Rightist
Cultural Revolution 1966-1976 biggest campaign in ____ era; ends in 1976 because Mao _____
People refer to this time period as when China went ____
Remake Chinese _____ completely
Mao's wife, Jiang Qing push all Mao's bad instincts
Mao

dies

insane

culture
Mao see Liu Shaoqi #2 as a ____
Campaign about _____ battle: Mao v Liu; destroy him/allies
Forced to confess to ____ while being beaten by crowd in _____ _____ /starve to death in jail
Goals: mobilize population ______; rid Chinese culture (art, literature, history, Confucianism)
Destroy Four Olds,___, ____, ____, habits; non-Communist ideas must be wiped out
threat

factional

crimes

Tiananmen Square

ideologically

thought, culture customs
Destroy four olds with new revolution of ____ ____: military units of middle/high school urban students
Whole generation of people who don't remember _____ in 1949 (didn't experience violence)
_____ books/traditional cultural items; denounce parents/teachers/US; march with red flags, carry little ___ ___ filled with, _____ of Chairman Mao, beat anyone who doesn't memorize it
Once you're at certain age, you're in the red guard (schools closed)
What's more hierarchical than universities? If you're a scholar of Confucianism, then you're _____
Red guard struggle sessions: person confess ____, is ____ by everyone
Red Guards

revolution

burned

red books

quotations

dead

to crimes

denounced
1969 Mao declare red phase over because they've _____, and also out of ____ they will attempt to overturn the govt
China made them nuts, so send them out into _____ (broke up _____/marriages); learn to farm or die
Basically, only thing that's functioning is _____ market; country not producing enough food/there's no ____ market
learned

fear

the countryside

families

black

internal
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