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CJ/WMST Midterm

Terms in this set (54)

Human Agency
choice, free will
Dichotomy
binary, only 2 options
Feminism
the personal is political
Patriarchy
Systematic of benefits and privileges that go to men because they're men
Gender Essentialism
what makes a woman, a woman and a man, a man?
Victim Precipitation
Similar to victim blaming - What do you do to cause this to happen? - common in rape and domestic violence cases
Downward Departure
Give women lighter/different sentences so they can still take care of their kids - seeing a shift from mothers to primary parent
Gender-specific laws
adultery used to be, prostitution and rape in some states
Gender-neutral laws
covers both genders equally, no gendered language
Gender Oriented crimes
more offenders of one gender over the other
Gender Neutral crimes
portion of men and women offenders is equal
Gender Convergence
over time the gap in male and female crime will shrink
Gender Divergence
over time the gap in male and female crime will increase
GenderStability
over time the gap in male and female crime will remain the same
Status Offenses
offenses punishable only for people under a certain age
Filicide
parent killing a child age 1-12
Infanticide
child killed within the first year of life
Neonaticide
child killed within the first 24 hours - almost always the mother
Altruistic Fillicide
mother kills her child thinking she is doing the best thing for her child - terminal illness, abusive home - 54% of all Fillicide
Acutely Psychotic Killings
Postpartum psychosis leads to command hallucinations telling a mother to kill her children - 24% of all Fillicide
Unwanted Child Killings
Parent kills their child because they do not want it anymore - 13% of all Fillicide
Fatal Assaults
escalation of ineffective punishments - shaken baby-older children beaten to death - 7% of all Fillicide
Spouse Revenge
Killing the children as retaliation for an affair, leaving the family - 2% of all Fillicide
Catherine Mackinnon
basis of gender esstialism was fear of rape
Sharon Marcus
citizenship is patriarchal - women are too afraid of being attacked to go out at night
Liberal Feminism
1960s - everyone should be treated the same
Radical Feminism
focus on women's bodies - reproductive rights and sexual violence
Marxist Feminism
women's role in the cycle of production - problematic because men and women don't choose these roles
Conflict Feminism
People in power create laws that benefit them
Third Wave Feminism
intersectional approach - gender, race, class, sexual orientation, (dis)ability
Post-structural Feminism
how we reproduce ideas through language
Biological atavism
Lombroso - could tell if someone would be criminal based on physical characteristics - women unlikely to be criminals because they were so evolutionary behind men
Mal-Adjusted Girl
W.I. Thomas - women have a different nervous system with more receptors for different kinds of love - need for love leads women to crime (prostitution)
Penis Envy
Freud - women were acting out against their feelings of anatomical inferiority - unconsciously jealous that men got to be sexually aggressive
masked crime
Otto Pollack - men and women are equally criminal but women are smarter and society is watching out for their crimes
strain theory (Merton)
pressures of achieving "status symbols" leads to crime - ex. stealing watches, phones
strain theory (Cohen)
For girls a "status symbol" isn't a material object but the man they are with - delinquency for girls = promiscuity
Strain theory (Agnew)
injustice->people feel powerless-> turn to crime
-deliberately didn't look at sexual assault
opportunity
girls had to go home after school and boys didn't allowing them to engage in more delinquency
social control theory
deeper bonds to community = less likely to be criminal - disempowerment = more likely to be criminal
differential association
you are deeply impacted by the values of those close to you
power control theory
if women are equal partners in the control of the family - girls criminality increases boys criminality decreases
the emancipation hypothesis
as women become equal members in society we expect to see more professional women and more criminal women
masculinities theory
Messerschmidt - division of labor, power relations, and use of space
cycle of violence theory
large number of incarcerated women have a history of being abused
Feminist theory
victim and offender are not separate categories but often overlap
reformatory
women more likely to be sent here - taught gender roles - how to be a better member of society
penitentiary
men more likely to be sent here - do hard labor
Muncy Act
women must be given indeterminate sentences
determinate sentencing
set amount of time - you know when you are getting out - given to men
indeterminate sentencing
no set time that you will be released - given to women
equal treatment hypothesis
there is no discrimination in the CJ system - supported by modern data
chivalry hypothesis
Discrimination that benefits women - see evidence of this in juvenile criminal offenses
evil woman hypothesis
Discrimination that hurts women - see evidence of this in juvenile status offenses
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