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PSYCH FINAL REVIEW

Terms in this set (130)

a. What are the typical sexual experiences of an infant?
i. Orgasms are rare
ii. Lubrication from walking, etc
iii. Genital response - anything that's pleasurable
iv. Undifferentiated from other needs
a. How does the idea of sexuality develop cognitively?
i. Can't differentiate what is right / wrong
ii. Based on what feels good and bad
iii. No labeling by parents
a. How does the idea of gender conceptualized?
i. Unaware of one's gender, parents' stereotyping clothing, toys, interactions
a. What are typical rearing differences between boys and girls?
i. Girls = more fragile, dependent
ii. Guys = tougher, more masculine
iii. Boys more recognizable than girls
a. How is eroticism experienced in an infant?
i. Body map that recognizes what feels good and what feels bad from caregivers
ii. Reflexive arousal, relaxation
a. What does the social dimension of sexuality consist of for an infant?
i. Egocentric
ii. Attachment to anyone who provides pleasure - caregiver
a. What is the state of sexual orientation in infancy?
i. Unaware of their gender
ii. Orient to familiar, higher voices
1. According to research, what happens when children are exposed to sexuality/nudity at a very young age?
a. No negative effect
1. Child sexual abuse (1/10 children sexually abused before 18)
a. How does sex between a child and an adult vary cross-culturally?
i. Intergenerational sex = sexual contact between child/adult ... relevant where part of cultural norms (sub-Saharan Africa)
ii. Incest = child/person excluded from marriage based on kinship/biologically related (Burundi - tribal group, mother-son intercourse if umbilical cord touch boy's penis - erectile dysfunction)
a. How is child sexual abuse defined? What behaviors are included in the definition?
i. Any sexual behavior between adult/minor
ii. Sexual abuse = even touching if significant age different (3+ years) or if different stages of psychological development
a. How do perpetrators gain the participation of the child?
i. Physical force
ii. Psychological coercion (threat, guilt)
iii. Seduction
iv. Age disparity (implied power)
v. Grooming = establish trust, lowers inhibitions
a. What are common justifications used by perpetrators to try and mitigate guilt?
i. Absence of harm/neg. effects
ii. Enjoyed by child
iii. Acceptance in other cultures
a. What do we know about rates of child sexual abuse?
i. Child - less than 16, 4 years younger
ii. Adult - greater than 13, 4 years older
iii. 93% by family, or people known
a. How can we prevent child sexual abuse?
i. Talk to children about their bodies/sexuality
a. What are the typical sexual experiences of young children?
i. Common - kiss, hug ... Uncommon - oral, anal, coitus
ii. Rehearse sexual roles - "playing house"
Reports masturbation (self-care), genital play
a. How does the idea of sexuality develop cognitively in early childhood?
i. Curiosity, conscious of sexual label
ii. Parental non-labeling/mislabeling = impedes development of body map
a. How does the idea of gender conceptualized?
i. Become more aware of their gender label and what's considered the correct behavior
ii. Define gender by appearance, and later genital
a. Rearing differences in early childhood
i. Restricted to nudity, mix of masculine/feminine accepted
ii. Boys = needs to be masculine, male gender role
a. How is eroticism experienced?
i. Body map develops ... greater acceptance for sexuality
a. What does the social dimension of sexuality look like?
i. "people", not "objects"
ii. learn how to love, social connection
1. Pre-Adolescence
What happens hormonally during puberty?
i. Increased body mass to weight ratio
ii. Kisspeptin neuron to hypothalamus - more GnRH
iii. More LH and FSH by pituitary
iv. More sex steroids
a. What are the physical signs of puberty?
i. Female (age 9 or 10) - pubic hair, menstruation, breasts
ii. Males (age 10) - enlarged penis, first ejaculation
iii. What is the relationship between puberty and masturbation?
1. Females = consistent w/ masturbation even during puberty
2. Males = masturbation activity increases at puberty!!!
a. How does the idea of sexuality develop cognitively in preadolescene?
i. True sexual self-consciousness begins
ii. Pursuit of sex info, interest in explicit content
a. How does the idea of gender conceptualized in pre-adolescence?
i. Rigid gender roles ... self-imposed gender segregation/stereotyping
a. How is eroticism experienced in preadolesecence?
i. Love map established - shapes adult sexuality
ii. Range of erotophobia to erotophilia
a. What does the social dimension of sexuality consist of in pre - ad?
i. Crushes
ii. Others as source of sex
a. What is the state of sexual orientation?
i. Self-discovery w/ same gender sex play
1. How is Teen Sexuality central to identity development?
a. Serial monogamy - sexual exploration with partners
b. Traditional social patterns
1. How do sexual education programs reflect the values of the cultures that teach them?
a. Repressive (Inis Baeg)
i. Knowledge corrupts - sex is taboo
b. Chaste/ Restrictive (USA)
i. Knowledge to correct problems
c. Active/Permissive (Northern Europe)
i. Knowledge prevents problems
d. Expressive/Supportive (Muria of India)
i. Enhances life
1. Young adulthood - sexual relationships develop
a. Number of sex partners
b. Cohabitation
i. Increasingly prevalent lifestyle/alternative to marriage
c. Polyamory
Mafriage
a. Changing trends
b. Psychological and safety needs (1700s - 1850)
i. Agrarian society.
c. Investment levels
i. People don't invest as much into their marriage, but expect more than in the past
d. Institutional marriage
i. Changing view of marriages ...
e. Companionate model (1850 - 1965)
i. Industrialization and the breadwinner - homemaker marriage
1. Parent Roles - one takes kids, one makes money
f. Self-expressive model (1965 - present)
i. Countercultural revolution and self-expressive marriage ... pursuing free choice/self-expression
1. Resources
a. Decreased, less spousal time, reduced psychological resources
1. How do we fix the modern marriage?
a. Optimizing available resources
i. Therapy, marital intervention
b. Investing in supplemental oxygen
i. Increased couple time, shared activities
c. Requiring less oxygen
i. Seek support from other members of network
1. Marriage and sex
a. Sexual satisfaction
i. Frequency of sex decreases over time
b. End of relationship
i. Factors
1. Passage of time
2. Age at marriage
3. Ethnicity
4. Education level
5. Differing religions or races
1. Describe the history behind syphilis - when it showed up. When it first started spreading, how people reacted to it.
a. Veneral Diseases = STIs
i. Syphillis - archetypcal veneral disease - 1490s
1. Brought by Columbus
2. Intervention for sexual wrong doing
3. 1918 - 1/22 suffered
1. In which ways has HIV mimicked the spread of syphilis?
a. Rapid spread, lack of an effective treatment, and stigmatization of affected individuals
1. How common are STIs in the US? How does the US compare to other countries?
a. 20 million new STIs infections
b. half occur in 15 - 24 years olds
c. ½ acquired by age 25
d. US = highest incidence of curable STIs
1. Which STIs have the highest and lowest prevalence? Which STIs have the greatest and least number of new cases each year?
a. Highest prevalence = HPV
b. Lowest prevalence = Syphillis
c. Greatest new cases = HPV
d. Lowest new cases = Syphillis
1. What is pubic lice, what do they do, what symptoms does it cause, how is it spread and how is it treated?
a. Crabs - insects that grasp pubic hair and gorge on blood
b. Itching
c. Insecticidal lotions
1. What are scabies, what do they do, what symptoms do they cause, how is it spread and how is it treated?
a. Parasitic mites - sexually/nonsexually
i. Dig tunnels, eggs hatch
b. Itching - treated w/ lotion
1. What is Trichomoniasis, what does it do, what symptoms do they cause, how is it spread and how is it treated?
a. Infestation at the vagina ... by protozoan
i. Vaginal discharge, itching, redness
b. Sometimes no symptoms
c. Treated w/ single oral dose of Flagyl
1. What are the major bacterial STIs?
a. Syphillis (potentially fatal)
b. Gonnorheah (impair fertility)
c. Chlyamydia (impair fertility)
1. What is syphilis, what are it's three stages, what symptoms does it cause, how is it spread and how is it treated?
a. Infection of bacterium (spirochete) - direct contact
b. Untreated = fatal!!! PENICILIN
i. AT RISK = LARGE CITIES AND HETERO BLACK IN SOUTH
c. Spread w/ contact of painless sore
d. Stages:
i. Penetrate skin and multiply
ii. Left unchecked - flu-like symptoms and rash
iii. Tertiary stage - organs impacted
1. What is Gonorrhea, how does it develop, what symptoms does it cause, how is it spread and how is it treated? Also, where is it primarily found in the US?
a. Bacterium ... discharge
b. Anal/oral sex
i. Oral treatment
c. Spread to organs - found in south east of US
1. What is Chlamydia, what symptoms does it cause, how is it spread and how is it treated? Importantly, how common is it?
a. Most common infectious disease - bacterium
b. Genital contact
c. Watery discharge and pain at urination impact fertility
d. Dose of azithromycin
e. Age 30, half of all active women shows evidence
1. How do viral STIs primarily differ from bacterial STIs?
a. Viral = infectious particles w/ DNA/RNA takes over cell to replicate themselves
i. Fought by immune response, no antiobitoics, rarely curative
1. What are the major viral STIs?
a. A pox - skin condition, no serious health problem
b. Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)
c. Human Pappiloma Virus (HPV)
d. Hepatitus Viruses
e. HIV
1. What is the difference between Herpes Simplex 1 and 2? How are both contracted and spread? What symptoms does each cause?
a. Herpes simplex 1 = oral herpes
b. Type 2 = genital, lifelong but not life threatening
i. Blisters, no cure, treated w/ ointment/tablets shorten outbreak period
c. Birth acquired herpes = passed to infant if birth w/ open sores
1. What is the difference between HPV 6 and 11 versus HPV 16 and 18? How are both contracted and spread? What symptoms does each cause?
a. HPV 6 and 11 = genital warts, rarely cause cancer
b. HPV 16 and 18 - dangerous, flat lesions, asymptomatic - promote cervical/anal cancer
1. Describe the link between HPV and cervical cancer.
a. HPV, more likely to get cervical cancer
1. What is the recommended vaccine for the HPV virus? Who should get it and why?
a. Gardasil = all individuals before becoming sexually active
b. 50-75% acquire HPV infection ... warts can be removed but may recur
1. What is the difference between Hepatitis A and B? What symptoms do they cause and how are they treated?
a. Hepatitis B = attacks liver ... transmitted sexually
i. Jaundice, fever ... vaccine is available (treated but not cured)
b. Hepatitis A = transmitted sexually, spread by food handlers , vaccine available
1. What is the difference between being HIV positive and having full blown AIDS?
a. AIDS caused by HIV (retrovirus)
i. Integrate into host's cell genome, undergoes transcription and translation to produce protein
b. Under 200 white blood cells = considered to have AIDS
i. Transition from HIV pos. and AIDS
1. How is HIV spread? In which fluids is it most heavily concentrated?
a. Most risk = male to male contact , African American ... hetero ... white ... white
b. Found in blood, semen, fluids ... diff concentrations
1. What types of sexual behaviors are most likely to spread HIV?
a. Unprotected coitius, anal sex
1. Who is most at risk for HIV?
a. Male to male contact, then hetero,
b. African American, white, hispanic
1. How does HIV unfold once a person has been infected?
a. HIV targets white cells (CD4 lymphocytes) - destroys .... Immune system mount a response "seroconversion" - HIV positive
b. CD4 drops bellow 200 cells = AIDS
1. What are the major classes of anti-retroviral drugs and how do they work?
a. Fusion inhibitors - block attachment of virus
b. Reverse transcripaase - block copying of RNA
c. Integrase - block inserstion of dna into genome
d. Protease - block cutting of longer, newly formed viral proteins into shorter form for required functionality
1. How is HIV treated? What is the prognosis like now versus 30 years ago?
30 years ago - we die, now we have anti-retroviral drugs
1. Definition of sexual orientation - how it differs from gender identity.
a. Orientation = enduring pattern of romantic/sexual attraction
b. Identity = based on those attractions
1. Cross cultural data on responses to same sex behavior
a. Same Sex Behavior = universal
b. Homosexual role only in mono-sexual cultures
1. Demographics of LGBT community, prevalence
a. % identify as gay / lesbians
i. urban areas = 8% male, 9% females
ii. Suburban, towns = 3-4%
iii. Rural areas = 1%
1. Less accepting, less likely to admit same sex attraction
2. Bisexual don't feel like they fit in
1. Different LGBTQ communities
a. Traditional = relationship based
b. Radical = break down sexual taboos, overturn stereotypes
c. Gay subcultures - queens, pretty boys
d. Lesbian subcultures - dykes, feminist
1. Impact of minority stress
a. Excess stress to which individuals from stigmatized social categories are exposed - result of social position
b. Increased distress / mental health difficulties
1. Models of Orientation
• Dichotomy
o Either hetero or homo
• Continuous variable
o Continuous whether from exclusive homo to exclusive hetero
• Vectors model
o Model to show high / low attraction leads to your orientation
• KSOG model (who we're attracted may be different from who we want to create a long term bond with)
o Partner selection based on gender
♣ Attraction - sexual, sensual
♣ Attachment - loving, affectionate
♣ Behavior - choice for partnered sexual behavior
♣ Fantasy - erotic fantasies
♣ Sexual identity - sense of self
♣ Sexual/social role - behavior in community
♣ Cognitive schema - mind set, world view
1. Etiology
• Psychodynamic Theories - Freud - completely discredited but important historically
Biological theories
• Biological theories
o Differences in prenatal hormones
♣ High levels of androgen gynephillic (female)
♣ Low levels of androgen androphilic (men)
♣ Gay = gender atypical
o Brain differences in INAH3
♣ Difference in medial preoptic area - group of neurons called INAH3 (controlled by androgens)
♣ Gay men size - women interested in men
o Genetics - gay concordance rates
♣ Heritability - factor ... if sibling is gay, more likely to be gay
♣ If shares genetic code ... more likely to share same orientation
o Maternal Immune system
♣ Men w/ more older brother homosexual
♣ Develop antibodies to Y chromosome
• Psychosocial theories -
o Daryl Bem
♣ Exotic becomes erotic - heterosexual
♣ Homosexuality gender - atypical behavior ... bond w/ opposite gender thus other gender = erotic
♣ No explanation for majority of gays who are gender typical
o Do gender non-conforming children grow up to be gay?
♣ Most don't grow up to be gay
♣ Gender role strain
o Does an attachment to the opposite sex or "wrong" parent cause a person to be gay?
♣ No evidence that gay/lesbians have different attachment to parents than straight individuals
o Does child sexual abuse cause a person to be gay?
♣ Does not effect growing up to be gay/lesbian
o Does consensual same-sex behavior (SSB) with peers influence sexual orientation?
♣ Doesn't cause higher levels of being gay/lesbian
• Magnus Hirshfield
o Gay jewish doctor - found word's first gay rights organization in Berlin ... tried to overturn sodomy law but the Nazis
• Stonewall
o Riot outside Stonewall inn .. began modern gay rights movement
• Harvey Milk
o First openly gay candidate to win elected office ... but assassinated
• AIDS epidemic
o AIDS death ... caused increase of people joining gay/AIDS activist cuase
• Bowers vs. Hardwick (1986)
o Criminalizing oral/anal sex in private between consenting adults
• Lawrence vs. Texas (2002)
o Entitled to respect their private lives
• Legalization of gay marriage
o June 26th 2015 ... gurantees a right to same-sex marriage
• Heterosexism
o Social phenomena ... superiority of heterosexual feelings ... empowers heterosexual agenda (marriage, agenda, etc)
• Homophobia
o Conscious/unconscious hatred, fear of contamination
• Extreme homophobia
o Strict gender roles, religious beliefs, high sex guilt
1. What is a fetish? (sexual arousal caused by inanimate substances/objects)
a. What are common fetishes?
i. Feet ... body fluid, piercing, hair, amputatinos
a. What is an objectophile?
i. Attracted to object or things
a. How has the Internet facilitated the normalization of fetishes?
i. Help normalized, open up community that fetishes are acceptable
1. Various reasons for cross dressing
a. Practicality - including fashion
b. Entertainment - drag queens
c. TransGender dressing - natural expression of gender identity
d. Transvestic fetishism - heterosexual man who find wearing female clothes sexually erotic
e. Autogynephilia - arousal at thought of being a woman
1. Describe sadomasochism - sexual arousal from infliction / receipt of pain or psychological humiliation
a. Sadist = cruel person , masochist = punishment
a. Describe BDSM
i. entire collection of behavior surrounding the infliction/receipt of pain for purpose of sexual arousal
1. What is a paraphiliac disorder? How is it defined/different from a paraphilia/kink? What criteria must met?
a. Unusual sexual interest
i. Criteria
1. Intense distress associated w/ desire or behavior
2. Cause harm to others
1. Define the various types of paraphilic disorders
a. Exaggerations/extension of common sexual desires/behaviors
i. Early age, common in men
b. Exhibitionism - arousal by fantasy of exposing genitals, misinterpret shock of women as pleasure - reinforces behavior
c. Voyeurism = arousal from watching unsuspecting people undress/sexual behavior
d. Frotteruism = arousal from physical contact w/ others not being awrae
1. What types of traits do people with paraphilic disorders often have?
a. Lack of social skills, sense of inadequacy, depression, rage against women
1. Describe what we know about pedophiles.
a. Interest in prepubescent children exceeds interest in adults ... begins in adolescence
1. What is the difference between a pedophile and a child molester?
a. Child molester = against children w/ sexual contact with prepubescent child - willing or unwilling
1. Why do paraphiliac disorders develop?
a. Genes?
i. May be inherited
b. Anatomical differences in the brain?
i. Brain anatomy w/ paraphilia differ form unaffected ... less grey mater in prefrontal cortex - related to personality traits, reduce chance of person acting on impulses
c. A learned response?
i. Learned through classical conditioning
1. How are paraphiliac disorders treated? Are these treatments effective?
a. Psychotherapeutic treatments
i. Cognitive therapy
1. Change cognitions - the idea that act is pleasing t victim
ii. Relapse prevention therapy
1. Preventing repeat offenses, identify cues in environment that lead to behavior - thoughts stopping, practical concerns
b. Behavior therapy
i. **reverse the pathological learning processes
ii. Aversion therapy
iii. Masturbatory reconditioning
c. Drug treatments
i. SSRIs
1. Treatment of depression , reduce/eliminate paraphilic desires and behaviors
ii. Deprovera/Chemical castration
1. Lower testosterone levels/block action of testosterone
iii. Surgical castration as a last resort
1. Rates of sexual violence
a. 1/5 women, 1/71 men = raped
b. 1/5 women, 1/16 men = sexual assaulted in college
1. Title IX Investigations - what the controversy is, how many school, etc
a. 124 colleges for Title IX violations in handling sexual assaults
1. Different definitions of sexual assault and rape
a. Sexual assault = sexual contact/behavior w/o consent of recipient
b. Rape = penetration, without consent
1. Percentage of offenders who know victim, etc
a. 40% - intimate partner, 21% stranger, 39 % friend
1. Different definitions of consent
a. "no means no" = sexual activity is consensual in the absence of a 'NO"
b. Yes means yes = affirmative consent
1. Victim/Survivor controversy over terminology
a. Survivor = experienced sexual violence, replace victim to emphasize strength ... places burden of healing on individual, erasing systems that make surviving hard
1. Victim/Survivor identities
a. Gender
i. 18.3% women, 1.4% men
ii. half of transgender experience violence, transwoman = higher rates
iii. prison rape
b. Race
i. All women = 17%
ii. Asian - 6.8
iii. White - 17.7
iv. Black - 18,8
v. Mixed race - 24.4
vi. American Indian - 34.1
c. Sexuality
i. Bisexual women = at risk
ii. Homosexual/bisexual - greater risk than heterosexual men
1. Percentage of cases that are reported and prosecuted
a. 72% sexual assaults not reported
b. more than 90% not reported on college campuses
c. 50% lead to result
d. 98% rapist don't go to jail
e. prevalence of false reporting - 2 to 10%
1. Reasons for underreporting
a. Fear of retaliation, privacy, reputation, being shamed
1. Rape Culture, what it is, why and how it gets perpetuated
a. Ways in which society normalizes sexual violence / vlames victims for sexual violence
1. Perpetrator identities, what distinguished rapists from non-rapists, hot to cold empathy gap
a. Nearly all committed by men
b. 1/3 by juveniles
c. evolutionary roots
d. likely to be from...
i. violent homes, less educated, poor family relationships, less empathy
1. Role of drugs and alcohol
a. Alcohol , most common date rape drug
1. Impact on victims
a. Rape trauma syndrome
b. Large economic cost on government - 150k average
1. Interventions, types, success rates
a. Reduce recidivism in few people who undergo them
b. Employ cognitive-behavioral therapy in group setting - teach empathy
c. Prevention = how to avoid assault, not avoid committing assault
Intimate Partner Violence
(violent acts committed within supposedly loving sexual relationships)
1. What is the most common type of intimate partner violence?
Simple assault ... low income groups - vulnerable
1. What are the risk factors of intimate partner violence?
a. Being female, young, black, divorced, living in a city, low income
i. Reason for decline may be due to lower marriage rate in these socioeconomic sectors
ii. Problematic on college campuses
1. What kind of physical versus psychological suffering does it inflict on the victim?
a. Physical injuries
b. Psychological effects - depression, self esteem, etc
i. Battered-woman syndrome - often feel a learned helplessness and inability to escape!
1. Describe how it follows an escalating cycle of three phases.
a. Tension-building phase
b. Violence phase
c. Reconciliation phase
1. Why do victims so frequently stay with their abusers?
a. Social isolation, economic dependence, lack of self esteem
1. What is sexual harassment?
a. Unwelcome sexual behavior in the workplace/structured environment
1. What are the three kinds of workplace sexual harassment?
a. Quid pro quo harassment - granting sexual flavor for tangible rewards
b. Hostile-environment harassment - pattern of unwelcome sexual attention that makes life difficult for the victim
c. Third party sexual harassment - losing out on promotions/working in an environment that is degrading to women
1. What happens in situations where sexual harassment occurs in a school environment?
a. Teachers show lack of concern over sexual harassment between children/adolescents
b. Liable for not protecting students from sexual harassment
1. What are the effects to victims?
a. Decreased job satisfication, physical/mental ill health, PTSD
Stalking
(emotionally obsessed w/ particular victim, involving a romantic elemnt)
1. What are the three types of stalking and what do they involve?
a. Intimate partner stalking: perpetrator = current/former partner .... Anger = chief source of motivation
b. Delusional stalking: stalking has fixed belief that victim is in love with them ... common with celebrities
c. Grudge stalking: stalker seeks revenge for real/imaginary injury ... not a love interest
1. When does stalking occur in the phase of a relationship usually?
a. After relationship ends - 43%
b. Both before/after relationship ends - 36%
c. Before relationship ends - 21%
1. What personality traits do many stalkers share?
a. manipulativeness, obsessive thinking as they make attempts to continue intimate relationship from rejection
1. Describe the history of prostitution.
a. Prostitution = business/practice of engaging in sexual realtions in exchange for payment or some other benefit
i. Legal status - varies from countries, illegal in most parts of the US besides Nevada, ranges from being permissible but unregulated to enforced / unenforced crime
ii. Revenue = > $ 100 billion
a. History Context
i. Condemned throughout the Christian era
ii. Condoned as providing a necessary safety valve for the release of male sexual energy
iii. Late 19th Century "red light" districts in most cities in US
iv. Epidemics of gonorrhea during WWI drove prostitution underground
v. 20th century less prevalent
1. sexual revolution in the 1960s - change in sex
2. development of oral contraception
3. expansion of employment opportunities for women
1. Describe the different types and forms of prostitution.
a. Hierarchy of Prostitution
i. Streetwalkers = lowest ranking and lowest paid prostitutes
1. High risks of violence, homelessness, STIs (including AIDS), arrest, pregnancy, and drug use
ii. Massage Parlors/Exotic Dance Venues = old fashioned brothels/whorehouses = RARE
iii. Escort Services = prevalent form of prostitution
iv. High end call girls
v. Male escorts = gigolos
vi. Girls = athletic, blonde, very long hair most money!
1. What is Sex Trafficking? Who is being trafficked?
a. Transportation of a person from one place to another for the purpose of prostitution
i. Within US and between countries (Ex. Vietnam to China)
1. What is Sex Tourism?
a. Client travels to the home country of the prostitute
1. There are conflicting views surrounding the morality of prostitution. What are they? Do most people oppose it? Why?
a. Views Morally wrong/contrary to religious beliefs, spreads STIs and AIDS, undermines marriage, legalization likely to increase demand
b. Support (30%), Oppose (48%), Unsure (12%)
1. What are the options for legal reform of prostitution?
a. Decriminalization vs. Legalization w/ Regulation (Nevada)
i. Decriminalize selling sex, but strengthen penalties for buying sex
b. Consequence of higher regulation = lower conformity
1. What other types of sex work exist beyond prostitution?
a. Phone Sex = recent variant on phone sex is sexual
b. Web-camming = ex "chatterbate"
1. How is pornography defined?
a. Depictions, in any medium of people or behaviors that are intended to be sexually arousing
b. Erotica = works that are considered to have literary / artistic merit
1. What happened in Miller vs. California?
a. (1973) Supreme Court no broad First Amendment protection for pornography, and states may restrict pornographic work under certain conditions
i. average person, applying contemporary community standards, must find that the work, taken as a whole appeals to the prurient interests
ii. work depicts/describes sexual conduct or excretory functions
iii. the work lack serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific merit
1. How does sex show up in advertising? When is it effective and when is it not?
a. Emergence
b. 1950s; Hugh Hefner - Playboy
c. 1970s; Deep Throat, starring Linda Lovelace
d. Technological advancements Point of View Pornography
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