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Psychology Test #2 (Chapter 4)

Terms in this set (35)

Developmental Psychology
Studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the lifespan
What are the 3 major issues in developmental psychology?
Nature and nurture
Continuity and stages (what parts of development are gradual and what parts change abruptly in separate stage?)
Stability and change (which of our traits persist through life? How do we change as we age?)
Temperament
A person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
What is it that allows the sperm to penetrate the mature egg?
conception
What do we mean by an embryo?
Developing human from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the 2nd month (2-8 weeks)
Fetus
Developing human from 9 weeks after conception to birth
Zygote
Fertilized eggs-first 2 weeks
What are some of the changes that occur during the developmental period? Fetal development
50% of zygotes go on to become embryos
10 days after conception, zygote attaches to uterine wall, inner cells become the embryo and outer cells become the placenta
Over the next 6 weeks, the embryo's organs begin to form and function, the heart starts to beat
9 weeks:becomes an embryo
During 6th month, organs such as the stomach develop and fetus is responsive to sound
In the 2 months before birth, fetuses demonstrate learning in other ways (such as adapting to vibrating honking devices)
Teratogens
Toxins, viruses, and drugs that can damage an embryo or fetus
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking
Habituation
Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation
Maturation
Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience
How (what position) do you lay a baby down?
On their backs
Schemas
Concepts or mental molds into which we pair our experiences, concepts or frameworks that organize and interpret info
Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory
He believed that a child's mind develops through a series of stages
Object Permanence
The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
Conservation
The principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
Assimilation
Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas
Egocentrism
In Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view
Theory of Mind
People's ideas about their own and others' mental states-about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and behaviors these might predict
Autism
A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understand of others' states of mind
Asperger's
A high-functioning form of autism (normal intelligence often accompanied by exceptional skill or talent in a specific area but deficient social and communication skills and a tendency to become distracted by irrelevant stimuli)
Concrete Operational Stage (Piaget)
In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events (about 6-11 years old)
Formal Operational Stage
In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts (about age 12)
Vygotsky-What did he say was the key for children moving from one stage to another?
By mentoring children and giving them new words, parents and others provide a temporary scaffold from which children can step to higher levels of thinking
Secure Attachment
An emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and shower distress on separation
What does the book say much of the time is in a parent's background if they are a child abuser?
Being neglected or battered as children
Parenting Styles: Authoritarian
Parents impose rules and expect obedience
Parenting Styles: Authoritative
Parents are both demanding and responsive. They exert control by setting rules, but, especially with older children, they encourage open discussion and allow exceptions.
Parenting Styles: Permissive
Parents submit to their children's desires. They make few demand and use little punishment.
Adolescence
The transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence
Puberty
The period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing
What do we mean when a person achieves identity?
The adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles
What happens to a person's brain in late adulthood?
Neural processes slow and sensory abilities diminish
What is one of the best ways to stimulate memory in late adulthood?
Providing voice and visual cues, and replaying of information at least 3 times
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