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Human Growth CH. 11

Terms in this set (37)

early phase of adolescence
rapid pubertal change
middle phase of adolescence
puberty nearly complete
late phase of adolescence
full adult appearance, anticipation of adult roles
two hormones that increase around age 8-9
growth hormone and thyroxine
where does the growth hormone come from
pituitary
where does thyroxine come from
thyroid
androgens and estrogens are each present in
each gender
testosterone is released from
testes
estrogen is released from
ovaries and adrenal glands
Maturation of the reproductive organs: ovaries uterus, vagina; penis scrotum, testes
primary sexual characteristics
Other visible parts of the body that signal sexual maturity (breasts, facial hair, voice change)
secondary sexual characteristics
individual differences in timing of puberty
Heredity
Nutrition, exercise
SES
Race/ethnicity
Early family experiences Secular trends
Unpopular, withdrawn, low in confidence
Less positive body image
More deviant behavior
Prone to lasting difficulties
early maturing--girls
Popular
Sociable, school leaders
More positive body image
late maturing--girls
Popular
Self-confident,
independent
More positive body image
More deviant behavior
early maturing--boys
Unpopular
Anxiety, depressed mood
Less positive body image
late maturing--boys
-Cultural ideals of physical attractiveness
-Fitting in with peers' physical maturity
factors accounting for pubertal timing effects
% of U.S. sexually active teenagers do not use contraception consistently
20%
3 reasons to not use contraception
-concern about other peoples opinions
-unrealistic about consequences
-sexual exploitation
tried cigarettes by grade 10
33%
tried alcohol by grade 10
58%
tried illegal drugs by grade 10
37%
smoke regularly by the end of high school
11%
report recent heavy drinking by the end of high school
27%
have used highly addictive drugs by the end of high school
25%
Psychologically healthy
Sociable
Sensation-seeking
experimenters
-Low SES
-Family mental health problems, substance abuse
-Child abuse
-Impulsivity, hostility
-Drug-taking starts earlier
abusers
the best substance abuse prevention school and community programs:
Promote effective parenting
Increase knowledge about drugs
Teach skills to resist peer pressure
Reduce social acceptability of drugs
the adolescent can reason abstractly and think in hypothetical terms
formal operational
when faced with a problem they start with a hypothesis, from which they deduce logical, testable inferences
Hypothetico-deductive reasoning
evaluating the logic of verbal propositions without using real-world circumstances
propositional thought
age children show beginnings of formal operational thought
school age
formal operations may not be
universal
Adolescents are considerably more competent:
-reason about more variables simultaneously
-grasp logical necessity (if you hit a glass with a feather, the glass will break...)
Gains in Information Processing: Executive Function
Attention
Inhibition
Strategies
Knowledge
Metacognition
Cognitive self-regulation
Speed of thinking
Processing capacity
consequence of adolescent cognitive changes
self-consciousness and self-focusing
2 examples of self-consciousness and self-focusing
-imaginary audience
-personal fable
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