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Bio 101 Chapter 11

Terms in this set (52)

Why do cells divide?
reproduction
growth
repair
How do bacteria divide?
reproduce by binary fission
Describe the cell cycle.
A sequence of three stages (interphase, mitosis, and cytoplasmic division) through which a cell passes between one cell division and the next
Explain the steps of mitosis.
consists of four basic phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
Describe cytokinesis in animal
divide by a cleavage furrow
What are clones ?
Identical copies of an organism
What is cancer?
cells grow and divide abnormally; capillary blood supply to the cells may increase abnormally
HeLa cells
s a cell type in an immortal cell line used in scientific research
Growth
Why do cells divide?
Repair
Why do cells divide?
Reproduction
Why do cells divide?
Prokaryotes DNA
located in an area of the cell called the nucleoid region
1 chromosomes
...
Circular
...
Eukaryotes' DNA
...
in nucleus
...
Multiple chromosomes
...
binary fission
cell divides into two halves
Chromatin
DNA plus packaging proteins
Histones
any of a group of basic proteins found in chromatin
Nucleosomes
the basic unit of chromatin consists of DNA wrapped around eight histone proteins
Sister chromatids
one of 2 identical copies of
a replicated chromosome
Centromere
point of attachment
Haploid
(of a cell or nucleus) having a single set of unpaired chromosomes.
Diploid
(of a cell or nucleus) containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent
Diploid cells have 46 chromosomes
...
Gametes have 23 chromosomes
...
Homologous chromosomes
are pairs of chromosomes having the same length, shape, and genes
cell cycle
the cycle of growth and asexual reproduction of a cell, consisting of interphase followed in actively dividing cells by prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
Interphrase
consist of G1, S, G2 stages during which a cell increases in size, doubles the number of cytoplasmic components, and replicates its DNA
G1
Interval of cell growth and activity. Signals tell cell to divide, stop for repair of DNA, die or enter Go (resting phase, cell functions but not divide)
S
Interval of DNA replication (synthesis)
G2
Interval when the cell prepares for division
Mitosis
is a nuclear division mechanism that maintains the chromosome number
Prophase
the first stage of cell division, before metaphase, during which the chromosomes become visible as paired chromatids and the nuclear envelope disappears. The first prophase of meiosis includes the reduction division.
Metaphase
All duplicated chromosomes line up midway between the spindle poles
Anaphase
Microtubules separate the sister chromatids of each chromosome and pull them to opposite spindle poles
Telophase
the final phase of cell division, between anaphase and interphase, in which the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed.
Cytokinesis
the cytoplasmic division of a cell at the end of mitosis or meiosis, bringing about the separation into two daughter cells.
Cleavage furrow
A band of actin filaments rings the cell midsection, contracts, and pinches the cytoplasm in two
Cell plate
is the structure found inside the dividing cells of terrestrial plants and some algae
Cell cycle regulation
The cell cycle is regulated at the checkpoints by cyclin-Cdk complexes
Growth factors
are naturally occurring regulatory molecules, which bind to receptors on the cell surface
Checkpoints
ensure cell does not enter next stage until previous stage complete
G1/S checkpoint
primary division decision point
G2/M checkpoint
commitment to mitosis
Spindle checkpoint
makes sure all chromosomes are attached to spindle
Telomeres
at the ends of the chromosomes are stretches of DN
Stem Cells
are undifferentiated biological cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and can divide (through mitosis) to produce more stem cells
Cloning
The process of creating an exact copy of a biological unit
chromosomes
are composed of a complex of DNA and protein, chromatin
Describe cytokinesis in plant cells
divided by a cell plate that eventually becomes the cell wall
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