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Birds BIO II

Terms in this set (19)

Evolution of Birds
-single line of therapods survived mass extinction event that killed other dinosaurs
-gave rise to modern birds
Archaeopteryx
-150mya, first bird-like dinosaur fossil
-had characteristics of both birds & dinosaurs
Origin of flight
The first birds probably...
Glided
3 type of Feathers
-Down feathers: insulation
-Contour feathers: give streamlined shape, coloration, & insulation
-Flight feathers: special contour feathers on wings & tails
Feather Anatomy
Follicle & Shaft
-Follicle: pits where feathers develop from
-shaft: emerges from follicle
Feather Anatomy (7)
-follicle
-shaft
-vanes(2)
-barbs
-barbules
-preening
-molt
Pygostyle
-Fused terminal vertebrae that supports tail feathers
-used for steering & breaking
Sternum
Attachment point for flight muscles
Birds Skeleton
Fused Bones (2)
-provides stability during flight
-trunk, hip vertebrae & pectkral, pelvic girdles highly fused
Bird Metabolism (2)
-high metabolic rate
-can't go long without eating
Digestion & Excretion (steps)
-from mouth to esophagus
-crop moistens & stores food
-2 part stomach (proventriculus & gizzard)
-passes to small intestine where enzymes from liver break up fats (absorbed nutrients go to blood)
-kidneys filter cellular waste & secrete uric acid
-waste exits through ureter to CLOACA
Respiration (4+)
-require large amounts of oxygen
-air enters nostrils through TRACHEA
-75% of air bypasses lungs & goes to posterior air sacs (function as storage & reducing density
-when exhaling, deoxygenated air goes to posterior sacs & oxygenated air (from anterior sacs) goes to lungs so bird always has oxygen
Circulatory (4)
-4 chambered heart, 2 separate ventricles (like mammals & crocs)
-deoxygenated blood always kept separate from oxygenated blood
-rapid heartbeat
-avian read blood cells have nuclei
Cerebellum
Highly developed for coordinating flight
Cerebrum
Large for navigation, nest building behaviors, & caring for young
Male Reproduction (2)
-2 testes
-sperm passes via Vas Deferens into cloaca
Female Reproduction (4)
-single ovary
-releases egg into oviduct & is fertilized by sperm there
-fertilized egg leaves (in shell) & exits through cloaca
-fertilization takes place by touching cloacas
Migration Cues (4)
-Position of sun & stars
-topographical landmarks
-magnetic field
-changes in air pressure
Order Anseriformes (2 +ex)
-waterfowl
-aquatic web feet
-swans, geese, ducks
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