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DHYG 2110: Biochemistry and Nutrition Exam 2

Terms in this set (85)

70; 5
To be labeled "Made with organic products", a product must contain at least _____% organic ingredients and contain less than _____% allowable pesticide tolerance
A, D, E, K
List fat-soluble vitamins
Heat
Fat soluble vitamins are stable to ___________ (cooking).
Carbon; Nitrogen
Fat soluble vitamins contain __________; Water soluble vitamins contain _____________.
Intestine; Jejunum
Fat soluble vitamins are absorbed in __________; Water soluble vitamins are absorbed in ___________.
Decreased
High concentrations of water soluble vitamins = ________ absorption efficiency
Water
__________-Soluble vitamins serves as coenzymes for cellular reactions in the body
B complex and C
List water-soluble vitamins
Vitamin A
Vitamin important in:
- Eye Health
- Bone growth and development
- Cellular differentiation (DNA,RNA)
- Skin health/ mucous membranes
- Immune Function
- Antioxidant
Vitamin A- Retinol/Carotene
Vitamin that produces the following deficiencies:
- Xerophthamia/ Night Blindness
- Bidot's Spots
- Poor growth in children
- Keratinization of epithelium
- Decreased immunity
- Follicular hyperkeratinosis of skin
- Enamel hypoplasia
- Possible death
Vitamin A- Retinol/Carotene
Vitamin that is found in the following sources:
- Liver
- Fortified Dairy
- Fortified Foods
- Fish
- Deep-Colored Fruits/Vegetables (carrots, squash, cantaloupe)
Vitamin B1- Thiamin
Deficiency in ________ is rare, and usually occurs in alcoholics or in countries with polished rice as a main diet.
Vitamin B1- Thiamin
Vitamin that produces the following deficiencies:
- Beri Beri
- Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
- Anorexia
- Indigestion
- Constipation
- Malaise
- Heaviness/ weaknesss of leg
- Flabby red tongue
- Pellagra
Vitamin B3- Niacin
Vitamin that produces the following deficiencies:
- Pellagra (4 d's)
- Glossitis
- Ulcerations under tongue, lower lip mucosa, and buccal mucosa
- Mucositis
Vitamin B12- Cobalamine
Vitamin important in:
- Synthesis of nucleic acids
- Metabolism of some A.A., F.A, Carb, and Folate
- Formation and regeneration of RBC
- Myelin synthesis
- Normal nervous system functioning
Vitamin B12- Cobalamine
Vitamin that produces the following deficiencies:
- Pernicious anemia
- Glossopyrosis
- Cheilosis
- Stomatitis or pale/yellowish mucosa
- Altered tasts sensations
- Hemorrhagic gingiva and bone loss
- GI disturbances
- Neurologic manifestations, numbness, tingling
- Stunted growth
Vitamin B12- Cobalamine
Excess of this vitamin can cause:
- Anemia
- Cognitive impairment
- Delayed diagnosis of or increased effects of deficiency
Vitamin B12- Cobalamine
Vitamin that is found in the following sources:
- Animal Protein (organ meat, milk/cheese, eggs, fish)
- Microflora in GI tract
Vitamin C- Ascorbic Acid
Vitamin important in:
- Collagen synthesis
- Promotion of capillary integrity
- Enhanced iron absorption
- Use of folic acid and B12
- Metabolism of A.A. and biosynthesis of bile acids, thyroxine, epinephrine, and steroid hormones
- Improves immunity
- Antioxidant
Vitamin C- Ascorbic Acid
Vitamin that produces the following deficiencies:
- Scurvy
- Delayed wound healing
- Poor bone/ tooth development
- Weak collagen
- Possible contribution to gingivitis/ perio disease
Vitamin C- Ascorbic Acid
Vitamin that is found in the following sources:
- Citrus fruits
- Tomatoes
- Raw, leafy vegetables
- Strawberries
- Potatoes/Sweet Potatoes
Vitamin D- Calciferol
Vitamin important in:
- Enhanced absorption of calcium and phosphorus
- Hematopoiesis
- Mineralization of teeth/bones
- Regulation of serum calcium
Vitamin D- Calciferol
Vitamin that produces the following deficiencies:
- Rickets in children
- Osteomalacia
- Osteoporosis
- Cancer/ Cardiovascular risk
Vitamin D- Calciferol
Vitamin that is found in the following sources:
- Sunlight
- Fish liver oil
- Flesh of fatty fish (salmon, mackeral, sardines, tuna)
- Fortified foods
- Supplements
Vitamin E- Tocopherol
Vitamin important in:
- Antioxidant
- Integrity of cellular membranes
- Prevention of oxidation of vit A and C
- Enhanced release of prostaglandin that inhibits aggregation of platelets, enhances vasodilation, and immune response
- Anticoagulant in larger amounts
Vitamin E- Tocopherol
Vitamin that produces the following deficiencies:
- Mild hemolytic anemia with increased erythrocyte hemolysis
- Peripheral neuropathy
- Decline in physical function
Vitamin E- Tocopherol
Deficiency in __________ is rare; common in those with sickle cell anemia, smokers, and very low fat diets
Vitamin E- Tocopherol
Vitamin that is found in the following sources:
- Vegetable oil (especially soybean oil)
- Unprocessed cereal grains
- Nuts/ seeds
- Wheat germ
- Green leafy vegetables
- Some fruits (apples, apricots, peaches)
Vitamin K
Vitamin important in:
- Wound healing
- Coenzyme for proteins involved in bone crystalline formation
- Catalyst for synthesis of blood-clotting factors (prothrombin and bone protein)
Vitamin K
Vitamin that produces the following deficiencies:
- Prolonged blood clotting times
- Declined estrogen production in post-menopausal women
- Reduced bone mass in post-menopausal women
- Hemorrhagic disease in newborns
Vitamin K
Vitamin that is found in the following sources :
- Microflora in large intestine
- Green leafy vegetables
- Fats/ oils
Vitamin A, C, E and Selenium
Antioxidants capable of protecting the body from free radicals
Wilson's Disease
A special metabolic disorder where large amounts of copper accumulate in the liver, kidney, brain, and cornea. The body us unable to release copper from the liver at a normal rate due to a genetic abnormality, so the copper concentrates in the cornea causing a characteristic brown ring called the Kayser-Fleischer ring
Aluminum; Fluoride
2 minerals associated with the development of Alzheimer Disease
400
Adults 19years and older need _____ mg of folic acid
600
Pregnant women need _____ mg of folic acid/day
500
Lactating women need _____ mg of folic acid/day
Vitamin B3- Niacin
Excess of this vitamin can cause:
- Flushing
- Nausea
- Tachycardia
- Itching
- Fainting
- Blurry Vision
Vitamin B6- Pyridoxine
Excess of this vitamin can cause:
- Ataxia
- Severe sensory neuropathy
- Bone pain/ muscle weakness
Folate/ Folic Acid
Excess of this vitamin can cause:
- Masked B12 deficiency
- Kidney damage
- Cognitive decline in elderly
Vitamin A- Retinol/ Carotene
Excess of this vitamin can cause:
- Birth defects
- Diplopia
- Alopecia
- Lethargy/ Irritability
- Hypercarotenemia
- Headache
- Nausea/ vomiting
- Dry mucous membranes
Vitamin C- Ascorbic Acid
Excess of this vitamin can cause:
- 2000mg or more
- Upset stomach/diarrhea
- Interference with B12 absorption
- Rebound scurvy
Vitamin D- Calciferol
Excess of this vitamin (2500mg+) can cause:
- Anorexia
- Nausea/vomiting
- Polyuria
- Polydipsia
- Weakness
- Nervousness
- Pruritus
- Hypercalcemia
Vitamin E- Tocopherol
Excess of this vitamin can cause:
- 800-3200 mg or more
- Muscle weakness
- Fatigue
- Nausea
- Diarrhea
- Death
Basal Metabolic Rate
Energy required for involuntary physiological functions to maintain life, including respiration, circulation, maintenance of muscle tone, and body temperature
Body Mass Index
Method for determining ideal body weight; Reveals little about overall body composition, but serves as a good starting point for health assessments
Less than 25
Healthy weight BMI
Greater than 25
Overweight BMI
Greater than 30
Obese BMI
Osteoporosis
A disease characterized by fragile bones due to decreased bone density and is associated with an increased incidence of bone fractures, especially the hip
Osteomalacia
A disease characterized by decreased bone mineralization or softening of the bones, which may lead to deformities of the limbs, spine, thorax, and pelvis
Thiamine
Name for Vitamin B1
Riboflavin
Name for Vitamin B2
Niacin
Name for Vitamin B3
Pantothenic Acid
Name for Vitamin B5
Pyridoxine
Name for Vitamin B6
Biotin
Name for Vitamin B7
Cobalamine
Name for Vitamin B12
B12; Intrinsic Factor
Vitamin ________ requires presence of _______________ to be absorbed.
Selenium
Mineral that is important in:
- Cofactoring for antioxidant enzyme that protects membrane lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids from oxidative damage
- Contribution to maintenance of immune functions
- Works with vitamin E
- Possible anticarcinigen
- Is present in tooth enamel and is possibly incorporated into enamel during amelogenesis
55mcg; 400mcg
Selenium
RDA: ______/day; UL: ____/day
Selenium
Mineral that is found in the following sources:
- Animal products (especially seafood, kidney, liver, and other meats)
- Best absorbed from dairy products and eggs
- Whole grain products
- Nuts
- Mushrooms
Selenium
Excess of this mineral can cause:
- nausea/vomiting, weakness, dermatitis, hair loss, white blotchy nails, garlicky smelling breath, cirrhosis of liver
- Moderate intake --> prostate, lung, and colon cancers and heart disease
Excess
_________ intake of selenium before tooth eruption can promote caries.
Moderately High
__________ intake of selenium before tooth eruption can have a cariostatic effect.
Keshan Disease
What disease results from a deficiency in Selenium?
Copper
Mineral that is important in:
- Formation of RBC and connective tissue
- Formation of collagen from precollagenous stage
- Component of many enzymes that function in oxidative reactions
- Nutrient metabolism
- Immune function
- Incorporated into tooth enamel
900mcg; 10g
Copper
RDA: ______/day; UL: ______/day
1/3; liver; muscle; bile in feces
________ of absorption of Copper occurs in stomach and duodenum, is mostly stored in __________ and _______, and is excreted through _____________________.
Copper
Which mineral has enhanced absorption with low pH?
Copper
Which mineral has inhibited absorption with large amounts of calcium and zinc?
Copper
This mineral is found in the following sources:
- Shellfish, oysters, crabs
- Liver
- Nuts, sesame and sunflower seeds
- Soy products
- Legumes
- Cocoa
Copper
Excess of this mineral can cause:
- Wilson Disease; Kayser-Fleischer Ring
- Nausea/vomiting
Copper
Elevated levels of which mineral are most common in patients with RA, myocardial infarction, in conditions needing estrogen administration, and pregnancy?
Copper
Deficiency of this mineral causes:
- Profound effects on bones, brain, arteries, and other connective tissues
- Decreased hair pigmentation
- Hematological abnormalities (Low WBC count)
- Lesions within tissues and bones
- Growth failure in children
- Spontaneous fractures
- Osteoporosis
- Arthritis
- Arterial disease
- Ultimately marked bone deformities
Copper
Deficiency in which mineral is common in zinc supplementation, malnutrition, malabsorptive disorder, or in patients receiving TPN
Chromium
Mineral that is important in:
- Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism- especially use of glucose
- Potentiates action of insulin- possibly assisting cells in glucose uptake and energy release
- Possibly improving systemic insulin sensitivity with supplementation
20-35mcg
Chromium
AI: _____/day; UL: None
Chromium
Mineral that is found in the following sources:
- Meats
- Whole- grain cereals
- Wheat germ
- Brewers yeast
- Nuts
- Mushrooms
- Green Beans
- Broccoli
- Beer, wine, tap water
- Supplements: Picolinate, nicotinate, chloride
Vanadium
Which mineral is readily incorporated into areas of rapid mineralization of bones and tooth dentin, but its role in unknown (Possibly exchanges phosphorus for apatite in bone structure)
Vanadium
Mineral that is found the following sources:
- Shellfish
- Mushrooms
- Parsley
1000 mcg; 1200 mg
Calcium
RDA: _______/day (ages 19-50);
IOM Dietary Intake: ________ day (Females 50+)
NUG (Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis)
Painful gingivitis characterized by erythema (marginated redness of mucous membranes caused by inflammation) and necrosis of the interdental papilla, metallic taste, and foul odor

- Patients may lose the desire to eat because of pain or may choose soft foods easier to eat
- Severity determines dietary recommendations
- Liquid nutrition supplements may be needed until a regular diet can be consumed
NUG (Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis)
What condition is formed from deficiencies in protein and vitamin C and/or B-complex deficiency due to lowered host resistance
NUP (Necrotizing Ulcerative Periodontitis)
Severe form of periodontal disease with rapid loss of soft tissue and bone (including exposure of the bone), and by rapid deterioration of tooth attachment and loss of surrounding teeth
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