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Psychology Exam 2- Somatic Symptom & Dissociative Disorders/Depressive & Bipolar Disorders/ Eating Disorders

Terms in this set (79)

Disordered Eating
Physically or psychologically unhealthy eating behavior
Amount of college women attempted dieting/ purging
90%, 25%
Amount of adolescent girls and guys who have dieted
50%, 20%
Amount of women/ men dissatisfied with current weight/ body shape
89%, 9-28%
3 Types Eating Disorders
1) Anorexia Nervosa
2) Bulimia Nervosa
3) Binge-Eating Disorder
Anorexia Nervosa- Criteria
- Restriction of energy intake causing very low body weight in context
- Intense fear of gaining weight/ being fat
-Disturbance in way body weight/ shape is experienced OR lack of recognition of seriousness
Anorexia Nervosa (2 types)
1) restricting: severe dieting/ exercising (in denial)
2) binge-eating/ purging: self-induced vomiting/ laxatives (acknowledges issues)
Anorexia- Physical effects
-highest mortality rate
- changes in heart rate
- fatigue
- bone loss
-amenorrhea (period stops)
Anorexia- Psychological symptoms
-depression/ anxiety/ social withdrawal/ substance use
-seeks control
-difficulty regulating emotions
Bulimia Nervosa- 4 Criteria
(90% females late adolescence)
* @ normal weight *
-recurrent episodes of binge eating
1) eating discrete period a large amount of food
2) lack of control during episode
- inappropriate compensatory behaviors (vomiting/ laxatives)
-[ONCE A WEEK FOR 3 MONTHS]
- self evalutation is influenced by body shape/ weight
Bulimia- Physical Effects
-teeth erosion
- dehydration
-swollen glands/ organs
-heart issues
Bulimia- Psychological Effects
-Most realize binge eating isn't normal
-feel disgusted/ ashamed
- occur during negative emotional stress
Binge Eating Disorder- Criteria
-recurrent binge episodes
- 3+:
:eating rapidly
:eating until uncomfortably full
:eating unnecessary large amounts of food
:eating alone bc embarrassment
:feeling disgusted post- eating
- DOES NOT USE inappropriate compensatory behavior
-[ONCE A WEEK FOR 3 MO.]
Etiology of Eating Disorders- Psychological factors
- body dissatisfaction
- extreme perfectionism
- depression
- low levels of competence/ self- esteem/ non-assertiveness
Etiology of Eating Disorders- Biological factors
- Differences in neurotransmitters (Ghrelin-- stimulates hunger & Dopamine-- an increase can decrease appetite)
Etiology of Eating Disorders- Social factors
- parent criticism/ negativity
- teasing
-"fat talk"-- needing reassurance from peers
Etiology of Eating Disorders- Sociocultural factors
-thin ideal
-increased social comparison
-girls in media
- cultural values (chart black vs white views)
* most common in whites
Mood
emotional state or prevailing frame of mind
mood of depressive/ bipolar disorders
- affect well being/ school etc
- continue for days
- no apparent reason
-extreme reactions can't be easily explained
Depression- Mood
sad, empty, hopeless
Depression- Cognitive
pessimism, guilt, suicidal thoughts
Depression- Behavioral
social withdrawal, decrease energy, decrease productivity
depression- physiological
appetite and weight changes, sleep issues, lack of sex drive
3 Depressive Disorders/ Episode
1) Major depressive disorder (includes major depressive episode)
2) Persistent depressive disorder
3) premenstrual dysphoric disorder
major depressive disorder- criteria
at least ONE major depressive episode
NO MANIA OR HYPOMANIA
* much more in females/ college aged
major depressive episode- criteria
-depressed mood and/ or loss interest in pleasure
- FOUR:
: change in weight/ sleep/ appetite
: low energy
: feeling guilt
: preoccupation of death/ suicide
- [2 FULL WEEKS]
single episode vs recurrent episode
mild, moderate, severe
vs
mild, moderate, severe w/ 2 consecutive months between episodes
persistent depressive disorder- criteria
-[MOST OF THE DAY FOR MOST DAYS FOR 2 YEARS]
- TWO of:
:feelings of hopelessness
: low self-esteem
:low energy or fatigue/ sleeping/ eating
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder- criteria
occurs: week before and disappears soon after menstruation begins
-must have FIVE TOTAL
-ONE from:
:depressed mood, irritability, anger
others: anxiety, food cravings, sleeping issues, bloating, weight gain
Bipolar Disorder- Manic depressive disorder
MOST STIGMATIZED disorder
Psychosis
hallucinations and dellusions
mania/ hypomania- mood
elevated, extreme confidence, hostility
mania/ hypomania- cognitive
decreased focus, creativity, disorientation
mania/ hypomania- behavioral
overactivity, risk-taking, impulsive
mania/ hypomania- physiological
high levels of arousal, decreased sleep, increased sex drive
manic/ hypomanic episode- criteria
period of abnormally persistent elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and increased energy or goal-directed activity
-THREE:
:exaggerated self-esteem, less need for sleep
:easily distracted
: impulsive
hypomania vs mania
hypo: 4 days, no hospitalization, no psychotic symptoms
mania: 1 week, hospitalization, psychotic symptoms
bipolar 1 vs 2
bipolar I: 1 week manic episode
bipolar II: 1 major depressive episode, 1 hypomanic episode, no manic episode

both any age
cyclothymic disorder
mild hypomanic symptoms alternating with mild depression symptoms for 2 years (symptoms present half the time)
often early adulthood
mixed features
mania and depression @ same time (can be bipolar 1 or 2)
etiology of depressive disorders- biological
-low levels seretonin
- higher rates in biological familes
-short ellele of serotonin transporter
- circadian rhythm disturbances
-dysregulation of HPA
etiology of depressive disorders- behavioral
-insufficient social reinforcement (break ups, death)
etiology of depressive disorders- cognitive
(rumination vs problem solving)/ (corumination)
-rumination: excessive analyzing
-friend rebrings up topic and drags you back in
-negative thinking patterns: ingrained and affect person's emotional reactions "thinking errors"
- learned helplessness: unable to affect outcomes
etiology of depressive disorders- social
targeted rejection: aka bullying
treatment of depression- biomedical
-antidepressants (most arent in therapy/ more women take meds), exercise
-light box therapy for depressing/ dark living places
-treatment resistant depression:
Electroconvulsive therapay (ETC): electrical voltage to brain to produce seizures
vagus nerve stimulation: implanted device that gives electronic impulses to brain
treatment of depression- psychological and behavioral
-behavioral activation therapy- increasing reinforcement with schedule of fun stuff
- interpersonal psychotherapy - reduce stressors
-cognitive behavioral therapy- decrease catastrophizing
-mindfulness based cognitive therapy- promotes acceptance
etiology of biopolar disorders- biologica
MOST IMPACT
-GENETICS (lithium, circadian rhythm)
-decreased brain activation to regulate emotions
- increase in emotions
treatment for biopolar disorder
multiple medications (lithium-- mood stabilizer)
--dulls emotions
similar to those with depression & healthy living routines
somatic symptom disorder
highly distressing thoughts related to bodily symptoms
dissociative disorder
alterations in memory, consciousness or identity
somatic symptom disorders (4)
1) somatic symptom disorder
2) illness anxiety disorder
3) conversion disorder
4) factitious disorder
somatic symptom disorder- criteria (aka hypochondrias)
-ONE somatic symptom
-one of:
:thoughts about seriousness of symptom
: high anxiety about health symptoms
: excessive time devoted to symptoms
[6 MONTHS]
subcategories with predominate pain, sex, breathing
illness anxiety disorder- criteria
-preoccupation with health and excessive worry about serious illness
-no somatic symptoms
-repeated checking/ avoidal from medical care
[6 MONTHS]
catastrophizing
viewing mild as severe
overgeneralization
believing serious illness is prevalent
all or none thinking
belief that you need to be symptom free to be healthy
selective attention
pay attention to possible medical threatening info
conversion disorder- criteria
-disturbances in motor or sensory functioning
-symptoms are incompatible with medical findings
- acute <6mo persistent >6mo
-not consciously faking symptoms
malingering
claiming mental/ physical illness to avoid consequence or gain reward
factitious disorder- criteria
person deliberately induces symptoms with no incentive other than attention from medical professionals or others
-imposed on self or others
etiology of somatic symptom- biological
heightened sensitivity to pain, possible abnormal connectivity in brain regions
etiology of somatic symptom- psychological
-cognitive behavioral view- reinforcement/ reward
-catastrophic thinking: interpreting symptoms as being very serious
- misinterpreting bodily symptoms
etiology of somatic symptom- social & sociocultural
parents pressure

asian african and hispanic show more physical symptoms
psychosomatic
mind controls body
somatopsychic
body controls mind
treatment of somatic disorders
-meds
-dealing with clients frustrations with medical field
-focus on cognitive distortions
-exposure to bodily symptoms
-mindfullness based therapy
dissociative disorders
separation of part of person's consciousness, memory, identity
1) dissociative amnesia
2) depersonalization/ derealization disorder
3) dissociative identity disorder
dissociative amnesia- criteria
traumatic event or stressful situation results in loss of info or memory
localized: specific period/ event as whole
systematized: specific category
selective amnesia: specific details
continuous amnesia: no memories between time and present
repressed memories
idea that memories may come to light over time and with therapy
- controversial bc possibly unintentionally planting idea by parents or therapists
dissociative fugue
bewildered wandering searching for ones identity/ life history
-last days/ hours & often related to a stress
depresonalization/ derealization disorder- criteria
MOST COMMON
-feelings of detachment or unreality from environment
dissociative identity disorder- criteria
disruption of identity as evidenced by 2 or more personality states
-disrupted sense of self
-gaps in memory of personal info
- 1 person evident at time, switch during stressful situations
- very rare
etiology of dissociative disorder- biological
-poor encoding and retrieval of memories
-hippocampus is involved
- highest level of childhood trauma
etiology of dissociative disorder- psychological
-psychodynamic theory: exposure to childhood trauma, genetic predisposition, walling off trauma, developing different memory systems
etiology of dissociative disorder- social and sociocultural
learn through media and act out
treatment for dissociative dissorders
-tend to end spontaneously
-meds-- similar to depression, normalizing feelings
-trauma focused therapy
- integration of personalities
rapid cycling
4+ mood episodes per year with bipolar
what are somatic symptom disorders & what do they have in common & how treated
somatic complaints
illness anxiety, conversion, factitious
somatic: 1 physical complaint and excessive worry
illness anxiety: belief one has serious illness, no somatic symptoms
conversion: symptoms incompatible with medical
factitious: self induced
biological: increased sensations, lower pain threshold
psych: high anxiety/ stress
social: "being sick" from parents
treatment: meds for anxiety/ depression, cognitive behavioral (tolerating pain, changing distorted thoughts)
what are dissociations? why do they occur? how treated?
disruption in consciousness/ memory
dissociative amnesia/ fugue: forgetting identity
depresonalization/ derealization: feelings of unreality
DID: 2+ personalities
psycho: blocking unpleasant/ trauma from childhood
social: child abuse
sociocultural: media portrayals of this
treatment: remit spontaneously or trauma focused cognitive therapy, dealing with stressors
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