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AP exam 5

Terms in this set (38)

cerebro-
brain
encephalo-
inside head
Central Nervous System (CNS) involves...
Brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) involves...
Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and ganglia
what are the 4 major regions of the brain?
Cerebrum, Diencephalon, Cerebellum, and the brain stem
What is within the brain stem?
Midbrain, Pons, Medulla oblongata
what is within all 4 major regions of the brain?
lumps of gray matter (nuclei) are embedded inside white matter
The _______________ itself is covered in wrinkles (_________________________) and is divided down the middle by a ____________________
cerebrum, convolutions, fissure
How is the cerebrum broken down into pieces?
cerebrum, cerebral hemispheres and then the 5 lobes... Frontal lobe, Temporal lobe, Parietal lobe, Occipital lobe, Transverse cerebral fissure, and the insula
Where is the insula lobe located?
within the brain behind/blocked by the temporal lobe
what is sulci?
narrow grooves that border the lobes on the cerebrum, the grooves increase the amount of cortex present
what is gyrus?
elevated areas between the sulci
how have we learned about the brain and its brain regions?
1. by studying patients who survive brain injuries
2. modern imaging techniques
tell me about the cerebrum..
-sensory data and thoughts come and go
-conscious, you have free access to it
-thinking/planning, voluntary action, somatic sensory input (seeing, hearing, toughing, ect.): all things dealing with outside world
tell me about the diencephalon...
-thalamus = "check in" for sensory input
-hypothalamus = "concierge" to ensure body's needs are met
-Pineal gland = "clock" that regulates sleep/wake cycle
-exchanges instructions w/cerebrum and brain stem
tell me about the cerebellum...
-keeps body movements coordinated and balanced
-tucked away at the rear
-follows lead of cerebrum but isn's conscious = no need to think about its work
-tracks posture during and between movements
tell me about the brain stem...
-hidden at the brain's bottom
-not conscious; orders come via hypothalamus
-sustains life processes (breathing, adjusting BP, digestion ect.) vital to body survival and health
the cerebrums two hemispheres are ______________
contralateral, meaning that each side communicates with the opposite side of the body, not its own
the two hemispheres are connected through _______________ links called _________________
white matter, commissures
what are three types of nerve fibers that run through cerebral white matter?
association fibers, commissural fibers, projection fibers
large bunches of axons that run parallel within CNS white matter are called __________. if they cross from right to left or vis versa thats called a _________________.
tracts, decussation
the ________ ___________ seems to play a role in suppressing undesirable muscle movements - tremors, spasms, jerks, and tics
basal nuclei
Substantia Nigra contains this neurotransmitter _________________, to little in a persons basal nuclei leads to _______________________ while the destruction of neurons in these regions causes ____________________
dopamine, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease
describe the thalamus's job
it creates the difference between sensing a thing and actually noticing it
describe the hypothalamus's job
to maintain homeostasis
-body temp, blood nutrient level and water levels and over all metabolic rate
-it makes vital decisions about our growth, reproductive functions, urine production
-receives messages about our emotional state and makes our body react to our mood
AND it makes sure our needs are met by telling other effectors to fix whatever problem it identifies
describe the role of the pineal gland
it secretes a hormone called melatonin, which is associated with sleepiness. its release of this hormone falls and rises with light levels, which ensures our sleep/wake cycle stay synchronized with night and day
describe the role of the cingulate gyrus
it is where our brain's reward center is located, this is where we experience satisfaction from things like pleasure, satiation, achievement, task completion, or social contact
describe the role of the amygdala
this is where messages of fear are processed, which allows us to take risks we would normally reject to
damage to the hippocampus can cause
the inability to store memories
describe the role of olfactory bulbs
are where messages of smell first enter the brain, pleasant or unpleasant memories tend to rouse strong emotions, evoke memories and/or trigger intense survival drives
what are procedural memories?
memories on how to do something like ride a bike, these memories involve using your skeletal muscles
what are declarative memories?
are memories of experiences you had, places/people/things you've encountered, facts you learned
what are short and long term memories?
short term memories are temporary while long term memories are memories that have been placed into permanent storage
how does our memory-storage system tell which short term memories are worth saving, what three characteristics?
1. how excited the experience makes us, good or bad;
2. whether we refer back to if repeatedly and at intervals;
3. if it relates to experience or facts already in storage
4 colliculi
as a group are called corpora quadrigemina ( means four twin bodies)
describe superior colliculi and inferior colliculi
superior colliculi- coordinates gaze shift: a tiny, involuntary movement of the eyes and head. they allow us to fix our gaze on a stationary object or redirect our eyes to follow a moving one, without having to consciously decide to do so
inferior colliculi- associated with sound-related reflexes such as the startle response. Such as if you hear a noise and your head turns toward it involuntarily
describe the role of red nuclei
used by four legged animals to coordinate the stride of their front legs. humans use them as babies to help them crawl, but these brain regions become less active once we start to walk upright. in adults, they still play a role in involuntary arm-swinging while walking
a persons degree of consciousness can be categorized as:
1. alertness- fully wide awake and attentive to surroundings
2. drowsiness/lethargy- inattentive and lacking initiative sleepy
3. stupor- unconscious but easily roused (e.g. sleep, fainting)
4. coma- unconscious and unresponsive (e.g. deep anesthesia, overdose)
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