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AP Poetry Review Chapters 11-16

Terms in this set (54)

Alliteration
The repetition of initial consonant sounds
- ie: tried and true, safe and sound, fish or fowl, or rhyme or reason
Assonance
The repetition of vowel sounds
- ie: mad as a hatter, time out of mind, free and easy, or slapdash
Consonance
The repetition of final consonant sounds
- ie: first and last, odds and ends, short and sweet, or a stroke of luck
Rhyme
The repetition of the accented vowel sound and all succeeding sounds
- ie: goat and boat; laugh and half
Masculine Rhyme
When the rhyme sounds involve only one syllable
- ie: decks and sex; support and retort
Feminine Rhyme
When the rhyme sounds involve two or more syllables
- ie: turtle and fertile; spitefully and delightfully
Internal Rhyme
When one or more rhyming words are WITHIN the line
End Rhyme
When the rhyming words are at the ENDS of lines
Approximate Rhyme (Slant)
Include words with any kind of sound similarity, from close to fairly remote
- ie: rain and again; blood and stood
Refrain
- When such repetition is done according to some fixed pattern
- In addition to the repetition of individual sounds and syllables, the poet may repeat whole words, phrases, lines, or groups of lines
- a verse, a line, a set, or a group of some lines that repeats at regular intervals in different stanzas
Rhythm
- Refers to any wavelike recurrence of motion or sound
- In speech it is the natural rise and fall of language
- All language involves some kind of alteration between accented and unaccented syllables
- demonstrates the long and short patterns through stressed and unstressed syllables particularly in verse form
Meter
- The kind of rhythm we can tap our foot to
- In metrical language the accents are arranged to occur at apparently equal intervals of time, and it is this interval we march off with the tap of our foot
- the unit of rhythm; the pattern of beats
Verse
- Metrical language
- The poet has arranged accented/stressed syllables to occur at regular intervals
Prose
- Nonmetrical language
- Accents/stressed syllables occur more or less haphazardly; no organization
Foot
- Basic metrical unit
- Consists normally of one accented syllable plus one or two unaccented syllables, though occasionally there may be no unaccented syllables, and very rarely there may be three
iambic (iamb)
unstressed, stressed
- ie: detached
Trochaic (trochee)
stressed, unstressed
- twinkle, upward, romance
Anapestic (anapest)
unstressed, unstressed, stressed
- ie: up the stairs
Dactylic (dactyl)
stressed, unstressed, unstressed
- ie: butterfly, terrible
Spondee
stressed, stressed
- ie: true-blue, downtown
monometer
one foot
dimeter
two feet
trimeter
three feet
tetrameter
four feet
pentameter
five feet
hexameter
six feet
heptameter
seven feet
octameter
eight feet
stanza
- Consists of a group of lines whose metrical pattern is repeated throughout the poem
- a group of lines forming the basic recurring metrical unit in a poem
- repeated units having the same number of lines, usually the same metrical pattern, and often an identical rhyme scheme
scansion
- The process of measuring verse
- the action of scanning a line of verse to determine its rhythm
most common type of meter
iambic (unstressed, stressed)
free verse
- It is not verse at all, that is, it is not metrical
- It may be rhymed or unrhymed but is more often nearer to the end than at the beginning
- It introduces one additional rhythmical unit: the line; The arrangement into lines divides the material into rhythmical units, or cadences
- It is poetry that does not have a regular meter
blank verse
Has a specific meter: iambic pentameter, unrhymed
end-stopped line
One in which the end of the line corresponds with a natural speech pause
run-on line
One in which the sense of the line hurries on into the next line
onomatopoeia
- Words whose sound in some degree suggests their meaning
- The use of words, which, at least supposedly, sound like what they mean
- The formation of a word from a sound associated with what is named
- ie: hiss, snap, bang, sizzle
euphony
- When the poet chooses sounds and groups them so that the effect is smooth and pleasant sounding
- The quality of being pleasing to the ear, especially through a harmonious combination of words
cacophony
- When the poet chooses sounds and groups them so that the effect is rough and harsh sounding
- A harsh, discordant mixture of sounds
continuous form
- The lines follow each other without formal grouping, with the only breaks being dictated by units of meaning, as paragraphs are in prose
- Exhibits degrees of formal pattern
stanzaic form
- The poet writes in a series of stanzas
- Exhibits degrees of formal pattern
- Described by designating four things: the rhyme scheme (if there is one), the position of the refrain (if there is one), the prevailing metrical foot, and the number of feet in each line
fixed form
- A traditional pattern that applies to a whole poem
- French examples: rondels, villanelles, triolets, ballades
- English examples: limerick and sonnet
limerick
- Serve to illustrate the fixed form in general
- Its pattern is anapestic aa3bb2a3
- Used exclusively for humorous and nonsense verse
- Has short lines, swift catchy meter, and emphatic rhymes
- A humorous, frequently bawdy, verse of three long and two short lines rhyming aabba
sonnet
- Less rigidly prescribed than the limerick
- Must be 14 lines in length
- Almost always is iambic pentameter
- In structure and rhyme scheme there may be considerable leeway
Italian sonnet
- Divided usually between eight lines called the OCTAVE, using two rhymes arranged abbaabba, and six lines called the SESTET, using any arrangement of either two or three rhymes: cdcdcd and cdecde
- The division between the octave and sestet usually corresponds to a division of thought
- The octave presents a situation and the sestet a comment, or the octave an idea and the sestet an example, or the octave a question and the sestet and answer
English sonnet
- Composed of three quatrains and a concluding couplet, rhyming abab cdcd efef gg
- The units marked off by the rhymes and the development of the thought often correspond
- The three quatrains may present three examples and the couplet a conclusion, etc.
villanelle
a nineteen-line poem with two rhymes throughout, consisting of:
- five tercets (3 lines) and a
- quatrain (4 lines)
- with the first and third lines of the opening tercet recurring alternately at the end of the other tercets
- and with both repeated at the close of the concluding quatrain
haiku
- A japanese form
- Consists of three lines of five, seven, and five syllables each
sentimentality
- Indulgence in emotion for its own sake, or expression of more emotion than an occasion warrants
- Sentimentalists are gushy, stirred to tears by trivial or inappropriate causes; they weep at all weddings and all funerals; they are made ecstatic by manifestations of young love, talk baby talk etc.
rhetorical poetry
- Uses a language more glittering and high flown that its substance warrants
- Offers a spurious (fake) vehemence (strong feelings) of language: language without a corresponding reality of emotion or thought underneath
- It is oratorical (art of public speaking), over elegant, artificially eloquent, superficial, and often trite (lacks originality or importance)
- ie: "our heroic dead" or "old glory"
didactic poetry
Has a primary purpose to teach or preach
three basic questions to ask when judging poetry
1. What is its central purpose?
2. How fully has this purpose been accomplished?
3. How important is this purpose?
bad poetry
- Sentimental poetry: indulgence in emotion for its own sake
- Rhetorical poetry: uses language more glittering and high flowing that the subject warrants
- Didactic poetry: preaching and teaching
good poetry
- Answers the first two questions (of questions to ask when judging poetry):
- It has a central purpose and the purpose has been fully achieved, it just lacks significance in the purpose
great poetry
- Answers all three questions (of questions to ask when judging poetry)
- Contains no excess words, no words that do not bear their full weight in contributing to the total meaning, and no words that are used just to fill out the meter
- Each word is the best word for expressing the metrical pattern
- The word order is the best order for expressing the author's total meaning; distortions or departures from normal order are for emphasis or some other meaningful purpose
- The diction, the images, and the figures of speech are fresh, not trite (unless used for irony).
- The sound of the poem does not clash with its sense, nor the form with its content; both sound and pattern are used to support meaning
- Organized in the best way possible
- Must be in some way "new" poem (original)
- Engages the whole other person: senses, imagination, emotion, intellect; it does not touch us merely on one or two sides of our nature.
- Seeks not merely to entertain but to bring fresh, renewed, and important insights, into the nature of the human experience
- Gives a broader and deeper understanding of life, our fellows, and ourselves
THIS SET IS OFTEN IN FOLDERS WITH...