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241 exam 2 Diabetes

Terms in this set (41)

Blood glucose
-glucose via circulation required for brain and nervous system function
-blood glucose levels vary throughout the day
Glycogenolysis
breakdown of glycogen to release glucose
Gluconeogenesis
synthesis of glucose from amino acids, glycerol, and lactic acid
Glycogen
major stored carbohydrate
Glycerol
an alcohol that is a component of fats
Glucagon
hormone produced by the alpha cells in the pancreas
- stimulates conversion of glycogen to glucose by the liver
Blood Glucose
2/3 of glucose ingested is stored as glycogen in liver
*glycogenolysis and release of glucose occurs between meals
Liver can synthesize glucose
-gluconeogenesis
-from amino acids, glycerol, and lactic acid
Actions of insulin
glucose from blood moves inside cells for energy needs
-certain tissues require insulin for glucose transport into cells
-promotes glucose uptake by target cells; glucose storage; protein synthesis
-prevents or inhibits fat and glycogen breakdown; gluconeogenesis
Counter regulatory mechanisms
Hormones secreted to counteract hypoglycemia
-Glucagon
*secreted by alpha cells in pancreas as blood glucose falls
*increases glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis
Epinephrine
-secreted from adrenal medulla in stress, hypoglycemia
-inhibits release of insulin
-mobilizes stored glycogen and fatty acids to conserve glucose
Growth hormone
-secreted from anterior pituitary in exercise, fasting, stress, trauma, and low blood glucose
-opposes use of glucose for energy
Glucocorticoid hormones
Cortisol
-secreted from adrenal cortex in hypoglycemia due to fasting, starvation, stress due to infection, pain, surgery, anxiety, prolonged exercise
-gluconeogenesis by liver
-reduced tissue use of glucose
Measures of blood glucose
Fasting blood glucose
- 80-100 mg/dl- normal
100-125- impaired
Over 125- diabetes
-random (casual) blood glucose
>/= 200 mg/dl diabetes
Diabetes Mellitus
"the running through of sugar"
-disorder of carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism
-imbalance in insulin availability and insulin need
-when uncontrolled- glucose can not enter fat and muscle cells causes hyperglycemia and cellular "starvation"
Type 1
absolute insulin deficiency
-autoimmune (type 1a) or idiopathic (tybe 1b)
-catabolic disorder- breakdown of body and protein...weight loss
-ketosis- ffa from fat cells release and convertes to ketones by liver
-required exogenous insulin replacement
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