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!!EXAM 3!!

Terms in this set (45)

The layer of dense irregular connective tissue surrounding a cartilage is the:

A) periosteum
B) pericardium
C) endosteum
D) perichondrium
D
Cartilage grows in two way, appositional and interstitial. Appositional growth is:

A) the division of chondrocytes inside the cartilage and secretion of new matrix
B) the secretion of new matrix against exiting cartilage
C) the secretion of cartilage matrix by cells in the perichondrium
D) endochondral ossification
B
Which of the following is not a function of bones?

A) production of blood cells (hematopoiesis)
B) regulation of blood glucose levels
C) movement
D) support
B
Spongy bone is made up of a random network of_____________.

A) lacunae
B) trabeculae
C) osteons
D) lamellae
B
The type of bone found in the dense outer layer of bones and the shafts of long bones is______________?

A) spongy bone
B) compact bone
C) woven bone
D) epiphyseal bone
B
An outer layer of dense irregular connective tissue and the shafts of long bones is_____________?

A) perichondrium
B) periosteum
C) endosteum
D) endochondrium
B
The cell responsible for forming new bone matrix is the:

A) chondroblast
B) osteoclast
C) osteoblast
D) chodrocyte
C
The delicate membrane covering the internal surface of bone is called the:

A) endochondrium
B) periosteum
C) endosteum
D) perichondrium
C
The organic components of bone includes cells and _____________ or unmineralized bone matrix:

A) calcium phosphates
B) osteons
C) hydroxyapatites
D) osteoid
D
The inorganic components of bone are called:

A) osteoid
B) hydroxyapatites
C) proteoglycans
D) collagen fibers
B
Osteogenesis or ossification lead to all of the following except:

A) removal of excess bone matrix
B) bone growth during childhood
C) bone remodeling and repair
D) the formation of the bony skeleton in embryos
A
The cranial bones and clavicles develop through the process of:

A) endochondral ossification
B) intramembranous ossification
C) interstitial growth of cartilage
D) secondary ossification of epiphyses
B
Which of the following occurs first intramembranous ossification?

A) The cartilage matrix begins to deteriorate
B) A bone collar forms around the cartilage model
C) A medullary cavity forms
D) An ossification center forms in the fibrous connective tissue
D
Place the following stages of endochondral ossification in the correct order.

1. Invasion of internal cavities by the periosteal bud and spongy bone formation
2. Ossification of the epiphyses
3. Formation of a bone collar around a primary ossification center in the diaphysis
4. Cavitation of hyaline cartilage
5. Formation of the medullary cavity; appearance of secondary ossification centers in the epiphyses

A) 1,5,3,2,4
B) 4,5,1,3,2
C) 5,4,1,3,2
D) 3,4,1,5,2
D
Long bones and most of the bones of the skeleton develop:

A) within fibrous membranes
B) through intramembranous
C) from a tendon
D) by replacing hyaline cartilage
D
Growth in the length of long bones during infancy and youth is exclusively through:

A) calcification of the matrix
B) the secretion of bone matrix into the medullary cavity
C) differentiation of osteoclasts
D) growth of the epiphyseal
D
Which of the following is true of the functional zones found in an epiphyseal plate?

A) Hypertrophic zone- older cartilage cells enlarge
B) Proliferation (Growth) zone- new bone formation occurs as osteoblasts secretes new bone matrix
C) Calcification zone- appositional growth of cartilage occurs through mitosis of mature chondrocytes
D) Osteogenic zone- cartilage cells under go mitosis pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis
A
The process of long bones increasing in width includes:

A) secretion of bone matrix by osteoclasts
B) growth of the epiphyseal plate cartilage
C) appositional growth of bone of the diaphysis
D) resorption of bone by osteoblasts
C
Which of the following stimulates epiphyseal plate activity during infancy and child hood?

A) parathyroid hormone
B) calcium
C) thyroid hormone
D) growth hormone
D
The effects of testosterone and estrogen during puberty include all of the following except:

A) They initially promote adolescent growth spurt
B) They initiate intramembranous ossification of cranial bones
C) They cause masculinization and feminization of the skeleton
D) They eventually induce epiphyseal plate closure
B
Bones are constantly undergoing resorption for various reasons. Which of the following cells accomplishes this process?

A) osteoclast
B) chondrocyte
C) osteocyte
D) stem cell
A
During bone deposition, the enzyme____________ is essential for mineralization of bone.

A) osteoclastase
B) lysosomal enzyme
C) parathyroid hormone
D) alkaline phosphatase
D
Pick a pair of words that best completes the sentence:
Calcitonin is released from the __________ gland in response to ____________ blood calcium levels.

A) parathyroid, rising
B) thyroid, falling
C) thyroid, rising
D) parathyroid, falling
C
Wolff's law states that:

A) the thickness and shape of a bone is dependent on blood calcium levels
B) growth and remodeling of bone is dependent on the forces placed on it
C) the diameter of the bone is dependent on the ratio of osteoblasts to osteoclasts
D) the loss of bone mass due to bone resorption is dependent on age
B
A bone fracture perpendicular to the bones axis is called a(n) _________ fractures.

A) transverse
B) linear
C) incomplete
D) nondisplaced
A
A fracture in which one side of the bone breaks and the other side bends is a:

A) greenstick fracture
B) epiphyseal fracture
C) comminuted fracture
D) complete fracture
A
A fracture that results in the production of three or more bone fragments is a:

A) incomplete fracture
B) greenstick fracture
C) comminuted fracture
D) open (compound) fracture
C
Place the following phases of fracture repair in the order in which they occur.

1. Bony callus formation
2. Hematoma formation
3. Fibrocartilagenous callus formation
4. Bone remodeling

A) 4,2,1,3
B) 1,3,2,4
C) 3,2,1,4
D) 2,3,1,4
D
Fibrocartilagenous callus formation involves all of the following except:

A) capillaries grow into the tissue and phagocytic cells begin cleaning up debris
B) fibroblasts secrete collagen fibers and cartilage matrix
C) granulation tissue (soft callus) forms
D) excess material from the bony callus is removed
D
Osteomalacia and rickets are both caused by:

A) calcium or vitamin D deficiency
B) lack of estrogen after menopause
C) bone resorption in old age
D) excessive bone deposit
A
Paget's disease is characterized by:

A) excessive bone formation and breakdown
B) inadequately mineralized bones due to vitamin D deficiency
C) excessive growth at epiphyseal plates due to high levels of growth hormone
D) fragile, porous bones due to excessive bone resorption
A
Immovable joints are called:

A) amphiarthroses
B) diarthroses
C) synarthroses
D) symphonies
C
Which of the following is not a type of fibrous joint?

A) suture
B) symphysis
C) syndesmosis
D) gomphosis
B
Which of the following is a type of cartilaginous joint?

A) symphysis
B) gomphosis
C) syndesmosis
D) synthesis
A
A joint in which bones are united by hyaline cartilage is called a:

A) suture
B) gomphosis
C) synchondrosis
D) syndesmosis
C
Articular cartilage found at the ends of long bones in synovial joints serves to:

A) provide a smooth, slippery surface
B) form the synovial membrane
C) produce red blood cells (hemopoiesis)
D) attached tendons
A
Flattened, fibrous sacs filled with synovial fluid that acts as cushions in places where friction develops are called:

A) tendon
B) bursae
C) ligament
D) menisci
B
Which of the following is not a factor affecting the stability of synovial joints?

A) synovial fluid
B) shape of articular surfaces
C) ligaments
D) muscle tone
A
Which of the following is not a major supporting structure of the knee?

A) the tibial colateral ligament
B) the coracohumeral ligament
C) the posterior cruciate ligament
D) the medial and lateral meniscus
B
Which of the following is not a factor contributing to the stability of the shoulder joint?

A) the tendon of the bicep brachii
B) a thin, loose joint capsule
C) the rotator cuff
D) the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle
D
The rotator cuff is composed of:

A) a ring of hyaline cartilage that locks the humerus into the glenoid cavity
B) tendons of four muscles that encircle the shoulder joint
C) three ligaments connecting the glenoid cavity to the humerus
D) a pad of fibrocartilage in the knee that enables rotate
B
A sprain occurs when:

A) overstressed cartilage tears resulting in cartilage fragments in a joint
B) ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn
C) bursae become inflamed due to a blow or friction
D) tendon sheaths are irritated by overuse
B
Dislocations are usually accompanied by:

A) tendonitis caused by overuse
B) sprains, inflammation and joint immobilization
C) formation of granulation tissue resulting in a sift callus
D) anemia, osteoporosis and muscle atrophy
B
A partial dislocation of a joint is called a __________?

A) luxation
B) location
C) subluxation
D) sublimation
C
______________ is a chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune form of arthritis.

A) epicondylitis
B) rheumatoid arthritis
C) osteoarthritis
D) gouty arthritis
B
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