Chapter 29 & 30.1

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The most direct ancestors of land plants were probably _____.

liverworts and mosses
green algae
kelp (brown alga) that formed large beds near the shorelines
photosynthesizing prokaryotes (cyanobacteria)
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The most direct ancestors of land plants were probably _____.

liverworts and mosses
green algae
kelp (brown alga) that formed large beds near the shorelines
photosynthesizing prokaryotes (cyanobacteria)
green algae
Which of these facts provides the best support for the hypothesis that plants evolved from green algae?

The chloroplasts of plants and green algae all have both chlorophyll a and b.
Plants and green algae are photosynthetic.
Plants and green algae have chloroplasts.
The chloroplasts of plants and green algae all have both chlorophyll a and b.
Which of the following is not evidence that charophytes are the closest algal relatives of plants?

similarities in cell wall formation during cell division
similarities in proteins that synthesize cellulose
the presence of chloroplasts
genetic similarities in chloroplasts
similar sperm structure
the presence of chloroplasts
The following are common to both charophytes and land plants (shared ancestral traits) EXCEPT

sporopollenin.
chlorophyll a and b.
lignin.
phragmoplast formation in cell division.
cellulose-synthesizing proteins.
lignin
Which of the following traits was most important in enabling the first plants to move onto land?

rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes

alternation of generations

peroxisome enzymes that minimize losses from photorespiration

the development of sporopollenin to prevent the desiccation of zygotes

apical meristems
the development of sporopollenin to prevent the desiccation of zygotes
Angiosperms are most closely related to _____.

seedless vascular plants
charophyceans
gymnosperms
bryophytes
green algae
gymnosperms
Which of these was the dominant plant group at the time that dinosaurs were the dominant animals?

bryophytes
charophyceans
gymnosperms
seedless vascular plants
angiosperms
gymnosperms
This is an image of a(n) _____.


angiosperm
seedless vascular plant
gymnosperm
bryophyte
charophycean
charophycean
Plants evolved from green algae approximately _____ million years ago.

3,500
130
475
400
2,200
475
_____ are an example of seedless vascular plants.

Charophyceans
Pine trees
Mosses
Lilacs
Ferns
Ferns
The living plants that are most similar to the first plants to bear gametangia are the _____. bryophytes seedless vascular plants gymnosperms charophyceans angiospermsbryophytesWhich of these characteristics is shared by algae and seed plants? pollen vascular tissue roots and shoots embryo development within gametangia chloroplastschloroplastsWhich of the adaptations below best meets the challenge from dessication that plants encountered as they evolved for life on land? reduced gametophytes alternation of generations cuticle apical meristems tracheids and phloemcuticleWhich of the adaptations below best meets the challenge of transport of water, minerals, and nutrients that plants encountered as they evolved for life on land? reduced gametophytes cuticle walled spores in sporangia tracheids and phloem alternation of generationstracheids and phloemThe following are all adaptations to life on land EXCEPT flagellated sperm. reduced gametophyte generation. stomata with guard cells a waxy cuticle. vascular tissue.flagellated spermAccording to the fossil record, plants colonized terrestrial habitats _____. in conjunction with fungi that helped provide them with nutrients from the soil only about 150 million years ago to escape abundant herbivores in the oceans in conjunction with insects that pollinated themin conjunction with fungi that helped provide them with nutrients from the soilStomata _____. open to allow gas exchange and close to decrease water loss occur in all land plants and define them as a monophyletic group occur in all land plants and are the same as pores open to increase both water absorption and gas exchangeopen to allow gas exchange and close to decrease water lossWhy have biologists hypothesized that the first land plants had a low, sprawling growth habit? There was less competition for space so they simply spread out flat. Land animals of that period were small and could not pollinate tall plants. The ancestors of land plants, green algae, lack the structural support to stand erect in air. They were tied to the water for reproduction and thus needed to remain in close contact with the moist soil.The ancestors of land plants, green algae, lack the structural support to stand erect in air.Retaining the zygote on the living gametophyte of land plants _____. helps in dispersal of the zygote evolved concurrently with pollen protects the zygote from herbivores allows it to be nourished by the parent plantallows it to be nourished by the parent plantWhich statement is true for all sexually reproducing plants and animals? The process of mitosis produces gametes. The process of mitosis always produces diploid cells. The process of meiosis produces gametes. The process of meiosis produces haploid cells. The process of meiosis produces diploid cells.The process of meiosis produces haploid cells.Review this diagram of the fern life cycle from the video. Which structures are haploid? Select all that apply. Spores Egg Sporophyte Zygote GametophyteSpores Egg GametophyteConsider the characteristics of moss and fern life cycles. Which of the following sets of statements is true? In mosses, the gametophyte is the dominant stage of the life cycle; in ferns, the sporophyte is the dominant stage of the life cycle. In both mosses and ferns, moisture is required for sperm to reach the egg. In mosses, the sporophyte is the dominant stage of the life cycle; in ferns, the gametophyte is the dominant stage of the life cycle. In both mosses and ferns, moisture is required for sperm to reach the egg. In mosses, the gametophyte is the dominant stage of the life cycle; in ferns, the sporophyte is the dominant stage of the life cycle. Ferns require moisture for sperm to reach the egg, but mosses do not. The gametophyte is the dominant stage of the life cycle in both mosses and ferns. Mosses require moisture for sperm to reach the egg, but ferns do not. The gametophyte is the dominant stage of the life cycle in both mosses and ferns. In both mosses and ferns, moisture is required for sperm to reach the egg.In mosses, the gametophyte is the dominant stage of the life cycle; in ferns, the sporophyte is the dominant stage of the life cycle. In both mosses and ferns, moisture is required for sperm to reach the egg.Label the structures on this diagram of a moss. Drag the labels onto the diagram below. Not all labels will be used.a. sporophyte b. seta c. sporangium d. foot e. gametophyte f. rhizoidLife cycle of mosses Arrange the events in the life cycle of mosses in the flowchart below. Start the life cycle with the mature sporophyte stage in target 1. Not all labels will be used.1. mature sporophytes produce haploid spores, dispersed by the wind. 2. separate spores develop into female and male gametophytes. 3. haploid eggs form in archegonia, and haploid sperm form into antheridia. 4. haploid gametes undergo fertilization, forming a diploid zygote. 5. the diploid zygote develops into a sporophyte.Which of these represents the sporophyte generation of the moss life cycle? C D E A BEIn moss, _____ produce sperm. embryos antheridia sporangia archegonia protonemataantheridiaThe sperm produced by mosses require _____ to reach an archegonium. wind the development of a flower moisture light animalsmoisturePart D In mosses gametes are produced by _____; in ferns gametes are produced by _____. binary fission ... mitosis meiosis ... meiosis meiosis ... mitosis mitosis ... meiosis mitosis ... mitosismitosis ... mitosisIn mosses gametes are produced by _____; in ferns gametes are produced by _____. mitosis ... mitosis binary fission ... mitosis meiosis ... mitosis mitosis ... meiosis meiosis ... meiosismitosis ... mitosisWhich of these structures is diploid? D B C E ADWhere do fern antheridia develop? on the tip of the sporophyte on the tip of the haploid protonema on the tip of the gametophyte on the underside of the sporophyte on the underside of the gametophyteon the underside of the gametophyteThe conspicuous part of a fern plant is a _____. diploid sorus haploid sporophyte diploid sporophyte haploid gametophyte diploid gametophytediploid sporophyteSelect the correct statement contrasting gametophytes and sporophytes. Sporophytes are larger than gametophytes. Sporophytes are diploid, whereas gametophytes are haploid. Sporophytes are vascular, whereas gametophytes are nonvascular.Sporophytes are diploid, whereas gametophytes are haploid.Which of the following is true of the life cycle of mosses? The sporophyte generation is dominant. Spores are primarily distributed by water currents. Antheridia and archegonia are produced by gametophytes. The haploid generation grows on the sporophyte generation.Antheridia and archegonia are produced by gametophytes.During the alternation of generations in plants, _____. fertilization produces spores mitosis produces gametes fertilization produces gametes meiosis produces gametesmitosis produces gametesIn plants, which of the following are produced by meiosis? haploid gametes haploid sporophytes diploid gametes diploid spores haploid sporeshaploid sporesIn plants, by what process do haploid spores develop into multicellular haploid gametophytes? endosymbiosis fertilization meiosis karyogamy mitosismitosisAs you stroll through a moist forest, you are most likely to see a _____. gametophyte of a moss zygote of a green alga gametophyte of a fern sporophyte of a liverwortgametophyte of a mossWhat evolutionary development allowed plants to grow tall? leaves lignified vascular tissue rhizoids sporophylls the waxy cuticlelignified vascular tissueWhich of the following types of plants would NOT YET have evolved in the Carboniferous forests that became coal deposits? whisk ferns horsetails tree ferns lycophytes pine treespine treesHow are the bryophytes and seedless vascular plants alike? The dominant generation in both groups is the sporophyte. Plants in both groups have vascular tissue. In both groups, sperm swim from antheridia to archegonia. Plants in both groups have true roots, stems, and leaves.In both groups, sperm swim from antheridia to archegonia.The following characteristics all helped seedless plants become better adapted to land EXCEPT stomata on leaves. a waxy cuticle. a dominant gametophyte. true roots vascular tissue.a dominant gametophyteIn seedless plants, a fertilized egg will develop into _____. spores gametes a sporophyte a fruit a gametophytea sporophyteA botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. After observing its anatomy and life cycle, he notes the following characteristics: flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte and sporophyte generations with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to _____. flowering plants mosses ferns gymnospermsfernWhich of these is a major trend in land plant evolution? the trend toward a gametophyte-dominated life cycle the trend toward a sporophyte-dominated life cycle the trend toward larger gametophytes the trend toward smaller sizethe trend toward a sporophyte-dominated life cycleWhich of the following is not common to all phyla of vascular plants? alternation of generations the addition of lignin to cell walls xylem and phloem seeds dominance of the diploid generationseedsArrange the following in the correct sequence, from earliest to most recent, in which these plant traits originated. 1. sporophyte dominance, gametophyte independence 2. sporophyte dominance, gametophyte dependence 3. gametophyte dominance, sporophyte dependence 2 → 1 → 3 3 → 2 → 1 3 → 1 → 2 1 →? 2 → 33 → 1 → 2Spores and seeds have basically the same function-dispersal-but are vastly different because _____. spores have stored nutrition; seeds do not spores are unicellular; seeds are not spores have an embryo; seeds do not spores have a protective outer covering; seeds do notspores are unicellular; seeds are notIn addition to seeds, which of the following characteristics is unique to the seed-producing plants? sporopollenin lignin present in cell walls protected embryos pollenpollenIn seed plants, which of the following is part of a pollen grain and has a function most like that of the seed coat? sporangium sporopollenin stomata ligninsporopolleninThis and the next three questions refer to the generalized life cycle for land plants shown in the figure below. Each number within a circle or square represents a specific plant or plant part, and each number over an arrow represents either meiosis, mitosis, or fertilization. In the figure above, which number represents the mature gametophyte? 1 3 11 77The following question refer to the generalized life cycle for land plants shown in the figure below. Each number within a circle or square represents a specific plant or plant part, and each number over an arrow represents either meiosis, mitosis, or fertilization. In the figure above, meiosis is most likely to be represented by which number(s)? 2 4 10 and 12 2 and 84The following question refer to the generalized life cycle for land plants shown in the figure below. Each number within a circle or square represents a specific plant or plant part, and each number over an arrow represents either meiosis, mitosis, or fertilization. In the figure above, the process labeled "6" involves _____. meiosis mitosis binary fission fertilizationmitosisThe following question refer to the generalized life cycle for land plants shown in the figure below. Each number within a circle or square represents a specific plant or plant part, and each number over an arrow represents either meiosis, mitosis, or fertilization. In the figure above, which number represents an embryo? 1 7 11 311The relationship between a gametophyte and a sporophyte in a liverwort is like the relationship between a grandparent and a grandchild. a parent and a child. two cousins. an uncle and a nephew. a brother and a sister.a parent and a child.Refer to the life cycles illustrated in the figure below to answer the following question. Which of the life cycles is typical for plants and some algae? I only II only III only I and IIIIII onlyResearchers tested nitrogen loss from soil where the moss Dawsonia was growing, and compared it to soil from which Dawsonia had been removed. The data are presented below. Researchers decided to test the hypothesis that if the 1-meter-tall Dawsonia gametophyte-sporophyte plants had acted as a physical buffer, then they would have reduced water's ability to erode the soil and carry away its nitrogen. They began with four equal-sized areas where Dawsonia mosses grew to a height of 1 m above the soil surface. One of the four areas was not modified. In the second area, the mosses were trimmed to a height of 0.5 m above the soil surface. In the third area, the mosses were trimmed to a height of 0.25 m above the soil surface. In the fourth area, the mosses were trimmed all the way to the ground, leaving only the rhizoids. Water, simulating rainfall, was then added in a controlled fashion to all plots over the course of one year. The figure below presents four graphs that depict potential results of this experiment. In the figure above, which graph of soil nitrogen loss over time most strongly supports the hypothesis that if the 1-m tall Dawsonia gametophyte-sporophyte plants had acted as a physical buffer, then they would have reduced water's ability to erode the soil and carry away its nitrogen? A B C DD